Purpose: To describe the process of systematically developing an integrated health promotion program for school-age children from vulnerable families. Methods: In this study, we applied the first three steps—analysis, design, and development (ADD)—of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The analysis step involved a literature review and needs assessment. In the design step, program components were considered and a program draft was developed. The program content was modified based on expert validation in the development step. The preliminary program was administered in the implementation step, and the final program was confirmed in the evaluation step. Results: The program contents were based on the literature review, needs assessment, and Ryan’s integrated theory of health behavior change. The content was valid, and the educational material was appropriate for school-age children from vulnerable families. The finalized program consists of six sessions to promote physical, psychological, and social health using individual/group and face-to-face/online methods, including two that involve both parents and children. Conclusion This study presents a detailed description of how the program was developed and illustrates the critical elements that should be considered during similar program development. The effect of this program on health promotion behavior should be examined in future research.

Purpose: To describe the process of systematically developing an integrated health promotion program for school-age children from vulnerable families. Methods: In this study, we applied the first three steps—analysis, design, and development (ADD)—of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The analysis step involved a literature review and needs assessment. In the design step, program components were considered and a program draft was developed. The program content was modified based on expert validation in the development step. The preliminary program was administered in the implementation step, and the final program was confirmed in the evaluation step. Results: The program contents were based on the literature review, needs assessment, and Ryan’s integrated theory of health behavior change. The content was valid, and the educational material was appropriate for school-age children from vulnerable families. The finalized program consists of six sessions to promote physical, psychological, and social health using individual/group and face-to-face/online methods, including two that involve both parents and children. Conclusion This study presents a detailed description of how the program was developed and illustrates the critical elements that should be considered during similar program development. The effect of this program on health promotion behavior should be examined in future research.

Purpose: To describe the process of systematically developing an integrated health promotion program for school-age children from vulnerable families. Methods: In this study, we applied the first three steps—analysis, design, and development (ADD)—of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The analysis step involved a literature review and needs assessment. In the design step, program components were considered and a program draft was developed. The program content was modified based on expert validation in the development step. The preliminary program was administered in the implementation step, and the final program was confirmed in the evaluation step. Results: The program contents were based on the literature review, needs assessment, and Ryan’s integrated theory of health behavior change. The content was valid, and the educational material was appropriate for school-age children from vulnerable families. The finalized program consists of six sessions to promote physical, psychological, and social health using individual/group and face-to-face/online methods, including two that involve both parents and children. Conclusion This study presents a detailed description of how the program was developed and illustrates the critical elements that should be considered during similar program development. The effect of this program on health promotion behavior should be examined in future research.

Oxidative stress contributes to the onset of chronic diseases in various organs, including muscles. Morroniside, a type of iridoid glycoside contained in Cornus officinalis, is reported to have advantages as a natural compound that prevents various diseases.However, the question of whether this phytochemical exerts any inhibitory effect against oxidative stress in muscle cells has not been well reported. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate whether morroniside can protect against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) in murine C2C12 myoblasts. Our results demonstrate that morroniside pretreatment was able to inhibit cytotoxicity while suppressing H2O2-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Morroniside also significantly improved the antioxidant capacity in H2O2-challenged C2C12 cells by blocking the production of cellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide and increasing glutathione production. In addition, H2O2-induced mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were effectively attenuated by morroniside pretreatment, inhibiting cytoplasmic leakage of cytochrome c and expression of ER stress-related proteins. Furthermore, morroniside neutralized H2O2-mediated calcium (Ca2+ ) overload in mitochondria and mitigated the expression of calpains, cytosolic Ca2+ -dependent proteases. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that morroniside protected against mitochondrial impairment and Ca2+ -mediated ER stress by minimizing oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in C2C12 myoblasts.

This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the baseline characteristics and patterns of antibiotic usage among hospitals based on their participation in the Korea National Antimicrobial Use Analysis System (KONAS). We obtained claims data from the National Health Insurance for inpatients admitted to all secondary- and tertiary-care hospitals between January 2020 and December 2021 in Korea. 15.9% (58/395) of hospitals were KONAS participants, among which the proportion of hospitals with > 900 beds (31.0% vs.2.6%, P < 0.001) and tertiary care (50.0% vs. 5.2%, P < 0.001) was higher than that among non-participants. The consumption of antibiotics targeting antimicrobial-resistant gram positive bacteria (33.7 vs. 27.1 days of therapy [DOT]/1,000 patient-days, P = 0.019) and antibiotics predominantly used for resistant gram-negative bacteria (4.8 vs. 3.7 DOT/1,000 patient-days, P = 0.034) was higher in KONAS-participating versus -non-participating hospitals. The current KONAS data do not fully represent all secondary- and tertiary-care hospitals in Korea; thus, the KONAS results should be interpreted with caution.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prophylactic abdominal drainage (AD) in laparoscopic hemicolectomy, focusing on assessing postoperative pain outcomes. Methods: Patients were categorized into two groups: those with and without AD (AD group vs.no-AD group). A numerical rating scale (NRS) was used to assess postoperative pain on each postoperative day (POD). Further, the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was used to reduce intergroup bias. Results: In total, 204 patients who underwent laparoscopic hemicolectomies by a single surgeon between June 2013 and September 2022 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. After adjusting for IPTW, NRS scores on POD 2 were significantly lower in the no-AD group (3.2 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8, p = 0.043). Further examination of postoperative outcomes showed no statistically significant differences in complications between the AD (17.3%) and no-AD (12.4%) groups (p = 0.170). The postoperative length of hospital stay was 7.3 ± 2.8 days in the AD group and 6.9 ± 3.0 days in the no-AD group, with no significant difference (p = 0.298). Time to first flatus was 3.0 ± 0.9 days in the AD group and 2.7 ± 0.9 days in the no-AD group, with no significant difference (p = 0.078). Regarding readmission within 1 month, there were four cases each in the AD (2.3%) and no-AD (1.7%) groups, with no significant difference (p = 0.733). Conclusion Laparoscopic hemicolectomy without AD resulted in no significant differences in postoperative clinical outcomes, except for postoperative pain. This finding suggests that prophylactic AD may exacerbate postoperative pain.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate the timing and predictors of death during treatment among patients with multidrug/rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) in South Korea. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that included MDR/RR-TB cases notified between 2011 and 2017 in South Korea. Results: Among 7,226 MDR/RR-TB cases, 699 (9.7%) died at a median of 167 days (IQR 51–358 d) from the initiation of MDR-TB treatment. The cumulative proportion of all-cause death was 35.5% at 90 days and 52.8% at 180 days from treatment initiation. TB-related deaths occurred at a median of 133 days (IQR 32–366 d), which was significantly earlier than the median of 184 days (IQR 68–356 d) for non-TB-related deaths (p = 0.002). In a multivariate analysis, older age was the factor most strongly associated with death, with those aged ≥ 75 years being 68 times more likely to die (aHR 68.11, 95% CI 21.75–213.26), compared those aged ≤ 24 years. In addition, male sex, comorbidities (cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, and end stage renal disease), the lowest household income class, and TB-specific factors (previous history of TB treatment, smear positivity, and fluoroquinolone resistance) were identified as independent predictors of all-cause death. Conclusions This nationwide study highlights increased deaths during the intensive phase and identifies high-risk groups including older people and those with comorbidities or socioeconomic vulnerabilities. An integrated and comprehensive strategy is required to reduce mortality in patients with MDR/RR-TB, particularly focusing on the early stages of treatment and target populations.