To ensure high-quality bioresources and standardize biobanks, there is an urgent need to develop and disseminate educational training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, which was developed in 2018. The standardization of biobank education programs is also required to train biobank experts. The subdivision of categories and levels of education is necessary for jobs such as operations manager (bank president), quality manager, practitioner, and administrator. Essential training includes programs tailored for beginner, intermediate, and advanced practitioners, along with customized training for operations managers. We reviewed and studied ways to develop an appropriate range of education and training opportunities for standard biobanking education and the training of experts based on KS J ISO 20387. We propose more systematic and professional biobanking training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, in addition to the certification programs of the National Biobank and the Korean Laboratory Accreditation System. We suggest various training programs appropriate to a student’s affiliation or work, such as university biobanking specialized education, short-term job training at unit biobanks, biobank research institute symposiums by the Korean Society of Pathologists, and education programs for biobankers and researchers. Through these various education programs, we expect that Korean biobanks will satisfy global standards, meet the needs of users and researchers, and contribute to the advancement of science.

To ensure high-quality bioresources and standardize biobanks, there is an urgent need to develop and disseminate educational training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, which was developed in 2018. The standardization of biobank education programs is also required to train biobank experts. The subdivision of categories and levels of education is necessary for jobs such as operations manager (bank president), quality manager, practitioner, and administrator. Essential training includes programs tailored for beginner, intermediate, and advanced practitioners, along with customized training for operations managers. We reviewed and studied ways to develop an appropriate range of education and training opportunities for standard biobanking education and the training of experts based on KS J ISO 20387. We propose more systematic and professional biobanking training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, in addition to the certification programs of the National Biobank and the Korean Laboratory Accreditation System. We suggest various training programs appropriate to a student’s affiliation or work, such as university biobanking specialized education, short-term job training at unit biobanks, biobank research institute symposiums by the Korean Society of Pathologists, and education programs for biobankers and researchers. Through these various education programs, we expect that Korean biobanks will satisfy global standards, meet the needs of users and researchers, and contribute to the advancement of science.

Purpose: To report a case of infectious keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by two types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Case summary: A 62-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with left ocular pain for 2 weeks and was diagnosed with herpetic keratitis and anterior uveitis. At the initial presentation, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed round stromal infiltration and edema in the paracentral part of the cornea, a 2 × 2-mm epithelial defect, and hypopyon. Ocular ultrasonography showed vitreous opacities. She was empirically treated with topical 0.5% moxifloxacin, 2% tobramycin, and 5% ceftazidime administered hourly. Intravitreal vancomycin/ceftazidime administration was performed on days 2 and 7 following treatment. Corneal culture revealed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on day 4 after treatment. Consequently, 2% tobramycin was replaced with 1% vancomycin. The corneal lesion gradually improved and healed completely with a residual corneal opacity at 4 weeks after treatment. Conclusions Polymicrobial bacterial keratitis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represents a treatment challenge. Therefore, culture is essential to obtain microbiological evidence and guide appropriate antibiotic selection.

To ensure high-quality bioresources and standardize biobanks, there is an urgent need to develop and disseminate educational training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, which was developed in 2018. The standardization of biobank education programs is also required to train biobank experts. The subdivision of categories and levels of education is necessary for jobs such as operations manager (bank president), quality manager, practitioner, and administrator. Essential training includes programs tailored for beginner, intermediate, and advanced practitioners, along with customized training for operations managers. We reviewed and studied ways to develop an appropriate range of education and training opportunities for standard biobanking education and the training of experts based on KS J ISO 20387. We propose more systematic and professional biobanking training programs in accordance with ISO 20387, in addition to the certification programs of the National Biobank and the Korean Laboratory Accreditation System. We suggest various training programs appropriate to a student’s affiliation or work, such as university biobanking specialized education, short-term job training at unit biobanks, biobank research institute symposiums by the Korean Society of Pathologists, and education programs for biobankers and researchers. Through these various education programs, we expect that Korean biobanks will satisfy global standards, meet the needs of users and researchers, and contribute to the advancement of science.

Purpose: To report a case of infectious keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by two types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Case summary: A 62-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with left ocular pain for 2 weeks and was diagnosed with herpetic keratitis and anterior uveitis. At the initial presentation, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed round stromal infiltration and edema in the paracentral part of the cornea, a 2 × 2-mm epithelial defect, and hypopyon. Ocular ultrasonography showed vitreous opacities. She was empirically treated with topical 0.5% moxifloxacin, 2% tobramycin, and 5% ceftazidime administered hourly. Intravitreal vancomycin/ceftazidime administration was performed on days 2 and 7 following treatment. Corneal culture revealed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on day 4 after treatment. Consequently, 2% tobramycin was replaced with 1% vancomycin. The corneal lesion gradually improved and healed completely with a residual corneal opacity at 4 weeks after treatment. Conclusions Polymicrobial bacterial keratitis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represents a treatment challenge. Therefore, culture is essential to obtain microbiological evidence and guide appropriate antibiotic selection.

Purpose: To report a case of infectious keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by two types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Case summary: A 62-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with left ocular pain for 2 weeks and was diagnosed with herpetic keratitis and anterior uveitis. At the initial presentation, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed round stromal infiltration and edema in the paracentral part of the cornea, a 2 × 2-mm epithelial defect, and hypopyon. Ocular ultrasonography showed vitreous opacities. She was empirically treated with topical 0.5% moxifloxacin, 2% tobramycin, and 5% ceftazidime administered hourly. Intravitreal vancomycin/ceftazidime administration was performed on days 2 and 7 following treatment. Corneal culture revealed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on day 4 after treatment. Consequently, 2% tobramycin was replaced with 1% vancomycin. The corneal lesion gradually improved and healed completely with a residual corneal opacity at 4 weeks after treatment. Conclusions Polymicrobial bacterial keratitis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represents a treatment challenge. Therefore, culture is essential to obtain microbiological evidence and guide appropriate antibiotic selection.

Purpose: This study investigates whether diminished handgrip strength, potentially indicative of sarcopenia, serves as an independent risk factor for retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in non-obese adults in South Korea. Methods: In this nationwide cross-sectional study, adults aged ≥40 years from the 2017–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included if they had recorded measurements of height, weight, handgrip strength, and at least one gradable fundus photograph. Those with a history of cerebrovascular disease with any sequelae or who were pregnant were excluded. Odds ratios for RVO were calculated using stepwise multivariate regression, comparing non-obese individuals with diminished handgrip strength, obese individuals with preserved handgrip strength, and obese individuals with diminished handgrip strength, using non-obese individuals with preserved handgrip strength as the reference group. Covariates included age, sex, comorbidities, physical activity, and smoking history. Results: A total of 10,950 individuals were included. The estimated prevalences of RVO and diminished handgrip strength were 0.6% and 9.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that non-obese individuals with diminished handgrip strength had a 4.6-fold higher risk of RVO compared to non-obese individuals with preserved handgrip strength. Obese individuals with preserved handgrip strength exhibited a 2-fold increased risk, while no significant association was found between RVO risk and having both obesity and diminished handgrip strength. Additionally, lack of high-intensity physical activity was associated with a 13.2-fold higher risk in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions Diminished handgrip strength may be independently associated with an increased risk of RVO, particularly in non-obese individuals. These findings underscore the importance of considering “possible sarcopenia” as an independent risk factor for RVO, especially in non-obese populations in South Korea.

This report describes a diagnostically challenging case of bilateral atypical central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) in a 33-year-old man who presented with two distinct phenotypes. The left eye demonstrated bullous serous retinal detachment (SRD) with large retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears, while the right eye exhibited choroidal neovascularization and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) associated with subretinal scar tissue. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with unilateral Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease at other hospitals and had received systemic corticosteroids, which may have precipitated an RPE tear and exacerbated SRD in the left eye. Multimodal imaging confirmed asymmetric atypical CSCR bilaterally. Following corticosteroid tapering, the patient received intravitreal ranibizumab and focal laser photocoagulation. Bullous SRD and RPE tears resolved, and both eyes remained stable for over 20 months. The absence of bullous SRD in the right eye may have been attributed to fibrosis overlying the PED. This case highlights the need to distinguish atypical CSCR from VKH disease.

Purpose: This report explores the necessity of intraocular lens (IOL) explantation in the treatment of acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis by presenting a case of endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, which was successfully treated with early vitrectomy and IOL explantation.Case summary: A 48-year-old non-diabetic male was referred from a local clinic with endophthalmitis two days after uncomplicated cataract surgery. The vision in the affected eye was limited to hand motion; and slit-lamp examination revealed 4+ anterior chamber cells, flare, and hypopyon. B-scan ultrasonography showed dense vitreous infiltration behind the IOL. Initial treatment involved vitrectomy;thorough removal of exudate from the anterior vitreous, pars plana, and ciliary bodies; irrigation of the anterior chamber; and intravitreal antimicrobial injections. Although the endophthalmitis initially improved, recurrence occurred 20 hours post-vitrectomy. Explantation of the IOL and lens capsule, along with silicone oil tamponade, was performed during a second vitrectomy. Microbiological analysis identified P. aeruginosa in the vitreous sample and E. faecalis in the IOL and lens capsule. Two months later, the silicone oil was removed; and a new IOL was implanted via scleral fixation. The patient achieved a final visual acuity of 20/20 seven months postoperatively. The endophthalmitis did not recur. Conclusions Primary explantation of the IOL and lens capsule can be considered in cases with discernible exudation around the pars plana, ciliary bodies, and anterior vitreous as these findings may indicate infection by biofilm-forming pathogens on the IOL surface.

Purpose: We report the estimated incidence of, and risk factors for, recurrent anterior uveitis in patients with initial acute-onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease using survival analyses. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with initial acute-onset VKH disease during 2003–2022 at two university hospitals were included. Recurrent anterior uveitis was defined as the first occurrence of the granulomatous anterior uveitis with anterior chamber cells and flare of 2+ or more by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group grading scheme, after the disappearance of conspicuous uveitis and serous retinal detachment for at least 3 months, regardless of systemic or local treatment. The univariate log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed, including patients’ demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, presence of prodromal symptoms, duration of visual symptoms, visual acuity, slit-lamp and fundus findings, and height of serous retinal detachment. The treatment method and response to treatment were also included. Results: The estimated incidence was 39.3% at 10 years. Fifteen of 55 patients (27.3%) had recurrent anterior uveitis during the mean follow-up of 4.5 years. The presence of focal posterior synechiae at the diagnosis increased the risk of recurrent anterior uveitis 6.97-fold compared to the absence of synechiae (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–22.11; p < 0.001). Use of systemic high-dose steroid therapy more than 7 days after the development of visual symptoms resulted in a hazard ratio of 4.55 (95% CI, 1.27–16.40; p = 0.020). Conclusions This study reports the estimated incidence and risk factors of recurrent anterior uveitis in VKH disease from survival analyses. However, because of the retrospective nature of this study, it is hard to confirm the consistency of the medical records regarding risk factors, thus, the presence of focal posterior synechiae can be inconclusive as a risk factor. Further studies are warranted.