Background: This study was conducted to identify the level of gender sensitivity and gender equality consciousness among dental hygiene students and to confirm the necessity of gender equality programs in the curriculum. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was conducted with some dental hygiene students using the Gender Sensitivity tool and Korean Gender Egalitarianism Scale for Adolescents (KGES-A). Results: First, the gender equality consciousness of the students who took women’s studies was high in the areas of educational life and socio-cultural life, and that of the subjects of grandparent families and Catholic was found to be high in the domestic life area. Second, the gender sensitivity of the subjects who took women’s studies was found to be high in all sub-areas. In addition, the gender sensitivity of females was higher in the areas of sexual identity, non-violence, and self-reflection than that of males. That of 4-year college students was higher in the areas of sexual identity, openness to gender roles, and non-violence than that of 3-year college students. In addition, the gender sensitivity of Catholic students was high in the areas of sexual identity and openness to gender roles. Third, gender equality consciousness was found to have an effect depending on whether subjects took women’s studies, family type, family type, and religion, and gender sensitivity was found to have an effect depending on whether subjects took women’s studies or gender. Conclusion Since dental hygienist is a profession that targets humans, education that can instill equal awareness and values of humans is important. To inspire gender sensitivity and gender equality consciousness in a prospective professional, it is necessary to conduct programs and education related to gender intelligence within dental hygiene curriculum.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of job characteristics and non-regular work on the toothbrushing habit and oral check-up in Korean worker.METHODS: This study was approved for the use of raw data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KAHANES, 2016). The raw data was analyzed by complex sampling analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was determined as P < 0.05.RESULTS: The non-regular workers had lower rate of toothbrushing more than twice a day, toothbrushing after lunch, and oral check-up than regular workers. Compared to non-regular workers, the odds ratio of toothbrushing and oral check-up at regular workers increased by 1,464 and 1,717 times, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to find specific directions to expand the oral check-up program so that all workers, including non-regular workers and part-time workers.
Korea ; Lunch ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Toothbrushing

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the correlation between oral health behaviors and problematic experiences associated with smartphone use in adolescents. METHODS: Raw data from the 13th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used. The data were analyzed using a composite sample-planning file. Statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between family conflicts due to the use of smartphones and brushing teeth after lunch and twice a day. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between peer conflict experiences due to the use of smartphone and brushing teeth twice a day. Academic difficulties of adolescents due to the use of smartphone were negatively correlated with using supplementary oral hygiene devices and brushing teeth twice a day. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the above results, we confirmed that problematic experiences associated with the use of smartphone are correlated with oral health behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to plan ways to reduce the excessive use of smart phones in adolescents. In addition, it is necessary to develop an efficient tooth-brushing management system that incorporates the use of smartphones or modern devices.
Adolescent ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Lunch ; Nutrition Surveys ; Oral Health ; Oral Hygiene ; Smartphone ; Tooth

OBJECTIVE: Fall is one of major causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. It is known that sleep is associated with quality of life in the elderly. Snoring is one of the factors affecting sleep quality. The aim of the study was to examine whether snoring affect fall in the community elderly. METHODS: This survey was performed as a part of the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, which studied the elderly living in Ganghwa-gun. Fall was defined as any history of fall in the last year through face-to-face interview. We examined the following variables: age, sex, snoring, insomnia, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, bone disease, vision problems, depression, alcohol intake, mini-mental state examination, and body mass index. The data was analyzed by multiple logistic regression to determine the association of fall with the risk factors. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis of 516 participants, the adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval) of simple snoring affecting fall was 1.70 (1.10–2.63). In addition, sex (female), age, and diabetes were significantly predicted the fall. CONCLUSION: Our result suggested that snoring could be a risk factor of fall. A more comprehensive study of the relationship between snoring and fall is needed to improve the quality of life of the community elderly.
Aged* ; Aging ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Diseases ; Depression ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Snoring* ; Stroke

OBJECTIVE: This study determined whether cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) decreased the need for sleep medications and produced better treatment outcomes than pharmacotherapy alone. METHODS: We reviewed data from patients with insomnia in the outpatient clinic of a general hospital between 2009 and 2015. We compared 41 patients who received five sessions of CBT-i with 100 age- and sex-matched patients who received pharmacotherapy only. We evaluated the change in prescription for sleep (i.e., antidepressants, hypnotics, and others) between the first and last visits using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Clinical global impressions and completion status at the last visit were assessed using the chisquare test. RESULTS: We found a significant decrease in the prescription rate and the dosage of hypnotics among patients who received CBT-i when compared with control patients. There was no significant change in the dosage of antidepressants between the two groups. Achievement of case closure was better in the CBT-i group at the trend level. Clinical global impression at the last visit was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: These results show that CBT-i reduces the need for hypnotics among insomnia patients. Our results indicate that CBT-i offers additional benefits beyond improving sleep characteristics and thus provides another reason for recommending CBT-i as a first-line treatment for insomnia.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Antidepressive Agents ; Cognitive Therapy* ; Drug Therapy ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Prescriptions* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders*

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbance is a very rapidly growing disease with aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbances and its predictive factors in a three-year cohort study of people aged 60 years and over in Korea. METHODS: In 2012 and 2014, we obtained data from a survey of the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. We asked participants if they had been diagnosed with stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, arthritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, cataract, glaucoma, hepatitis B, urinary incontinence, prostate hypertrophy, cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or metabolic syndrome. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination for dementia screening in 2012, and depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in 2012 and 2014. In 2015, a structured clinical interview for Axis I psychiatric disorders was administered to 235 people, and sleep disturbance was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The perceived stress scale and the State-trait Anger Expression Inventory were also administered. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict sleep disturbance by gender, age, education, depression score, number of coexisting diseases in 2012 and 2014, current anger score, and perceived stress score. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent of the participants had sleep disturbances. Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of medical diseases three years ago, the depression score one year ago, and the current perceived stress significantly predicted sleep disturbances. CONCLUSION: Comorbid medical disease three years previous and depressive symptoms evaluated one year previous were predictive of current sleep disturbances. Further studies are needed to determine whether treatment of medical disease and depressive symptoms can improve sleep disturbances.
Aged* ; Aging ; Anger ; Angina Pectoris ; Arthritis ; Asthma ; Cataract ; Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Dementia ; Depression ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Glaucoma ; Hepatitis B ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Myocardial Infarction ; Osteoporosis ; Prevalence ; Prostate ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Stroke ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Urinary Incontinence

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral health behaviors of Korean male workers and analyze the variables affecting oral health behavior. METHODS: This study used data from the 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES), from which 1,341 male workers who answered the questionnaires were selected. The data were analyzed by chi-squared test and logistic regression using PASW Statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and 95% confidence intervals were computed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between oral health behaviors and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Oral health behaviors varied according to the male worker's job. Brushing teeth two or more times a day varied with levels of stress. The prevalence of people who use supplementary oral hygiene devices was 49.5%. It was increased in male workers with a spouse or high educational level (P<0.05). In addition, office workers were more likely than laborers (P<0.05) to use a supplementary oral hygiene device. The prevalence of people who brush their teeth before sleep was 41.8%. Young male workers (20-39 years old) were more likely to brush their teeth before sleep than senior workers (≥60 years old) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to prepare a plan to promote an interest in dental hygiene in laborers and those who work in the agricultural and fishing industries. Oral health education, oral health programs, campaigns, oral check-up systems, and improvements in working environments are needed to improve the oral health behaviors of male workers.
Education ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Oral Health* ; Oral Hygiene ; Prevalence ; Spouses ; Tooth

OBJECTIVE: Sleep disturbance is common in the elderly, which is result from multi-factorial causes encompassing socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. We aimed to identify factors associated with insomnia among the elderly in a rural community in South Korea, a country with a rapidly growing aged population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the data from the second wave of the Korean Social life, Health and Ageing Project, which is a cohort study of individuals living in a typical rural community in South Korea. Socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Various factors suspected to be associated with insomnia were compared between elderly participants with and without insomnia, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors for insomnia. RESULTS: We found that 32.4% of 509 participants (72.8±7.7 years old) had insomnia. Female sex [odds ratio (OR)=2.19], low education level (OR=2.44), current smoking (OR=2.26), number of chronic diseases (OR=2.21 for 2–3 chronic diseases; OR=2.06 for 4 or more chronic diseases), and depression (OR=2.53) were independently associated with insomnia. CONCLUSION: We found that sex, education, chronic disease, and depression independently increase the risk of insomnia of the elderly in a Korean rural community. To overcome the elderly's insomnia, interventions should target modifiable factors such as depression. To promote active aging, longitudinal studies of factors associated with insomnia among the elderly should be performed in different regions and communities.
Aged* ; Aging ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders* ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify the oral health literacy level of mothers in multi-cultural families and promote their oral health. METHODS: Participants were 46 mothers belonging to multi-cultural families who participated in the Oral health promotion program for multi-cultural families in Gangneung. For measurement of oral health literacy, 30 subjects were analyzed. Six pre-trained investigators conducted an interview with the mothers. Thirty-six mothers belonging to general families in Gangneung were included, and 30 subjects were analyzed. The Oral Health Literacy Instrument for Korean Children's Caregiver was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The mean oral health literacy score for mothers from multi-cultural families was 10.83 out of 22.0, which was lower than the score for mothers from general families (P<0.05). The percentage of mothers from multi-cultural families whose oral health literacy was inadequate was 63.3%. Oral health literacy scores were significantly different by Korean fluency level (P<0.05). The correlation between Korean communication level and reading comprehension score was significant (P<0.01). The correlation between Korean communication level and total oral health literacy score was also significant (P<0.05). Finally, there was a significant correlation between oral health knowledge and reading comprehension (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The oral health literacy score for mothers from multi-cultural families was lower than that for mother belonging to general families, and 63.3% had inadequate knowledge. Oral health professionals should use easy terms and consider the Korean communication capacity of mothers in their professional service.
Caregivers ; Comprehension ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Literacy* ; Mothers* ; Oral Health* ; Research Personnel

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of parental behaviors on the onset and severity of eating disorders, this study compared aspects of perceived parental styles, according to eating disorder subtypes and age at onset in Korean women with eating disorders. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven patients with eating disorders[Anorexia Nervosa (AN), N=49; Bulimia Nervosa(BN), N=118] were recruited for this study. Perceived parent behaviors were assessed with Parental Behavior Inventory(PBI) self-rating scale. The study subjects also completed the Eating Disorder Inventory -2 (EDI-2) to assess the severity of eating disorder symptoms. RESULTS: In anorexia nervosa, early onset group(<16 years) reported low paternal affection and high paternal rational expression, low maternal interference than group with age at onset over 16 years. The severity of eating disorder symptoms was negatively associated with mother affection and rational expression in two subtypes of eating disorder(AN and BN). On stepwise regression analysis, paternal affection and maternal over-protection were associated with age of onset only in AN group and maternal affection was associated with the severity of symptoms in both groups of eating disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the role of family function and perceived parental styles could help improve the management of eating disorders. These results emphasize the importance of fathers' role in the eating disorder on the age of onset, a relatively unexplored area of eating disorder research. Also, we investigated the importance of mothers' affection on the severity of symptoms.
Age of Onset ; Anorexia Nervosa* ; Bulimia ; Bulimia Nervosa* ; Eating ; Eating Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parents*