Objective: It is unknown whether artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) can enhance the accuracy of chest radiograph (CR) interpretation in real-world clinical practice. We aimed to compare the accuracy of CR interpretation assisted by AI-CAD to that of conventional interpretation in patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute respiratory symptoms using a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent CRs for acute respiratory symptoms at the ED of a tertiary referral institution were randomly assigned to intervention group (with assistance from an AI-CAD for CR interpretation) or control group (without AI assistance). Using a commercial AI-CAD system (Lunit INSIGHT CXR, version 2.0.2.0; Lunit Inc.). Other clinical practices were consistent with standard procedures. Sensitivity and false-positive rates of CR interpretation by duty trainee radiologists for identifying acute thoracic diseases were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. The reference standards for acute thoracic disease were established based on a review of the patient’s medical record at least 30 days after the ED visit. Results: We randomly assigned 3576 participants to either the intervention group (1761 participants; mean age ± standard deviation, 65 ± 17 years; 978 males; acute thoracic disease in 472 participants) or the control group (1815 participants; 64 ± 17 years; 988 males; acute thoracic disease in 491 participants). The sensitivity (67.2% [317/472] in the intervention group vs. 66.0% [324/491] in the control group; odds ratio, 1.02 [95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.49]; P = 0.917) and false-positive rate (19.3% [249/1289] vs. 18.5% [245/1324]; odds ratio, 1.00 [95% confidence interval, 0.79–1.26]; P = 0.985) of CR interpretation by duty radiologists were not associated with the use of AI-CAD. Conclusion AI-CAD did not improve the sensitivity and false-positive rate of CR interpretation for diagnosing acute thoracic disease in patients with acute respiratory symptoms who presented to the ED.

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB) is one of the essential diagnostic procedures for pulmonary lesions. Its role is increasing in the era of CT screening for lung cancer and precision medicine. The Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology developed the first evidence-based clinical guideline for PTNB in Korea by adapting pre-existing guidelines. The guideline provides 39 recommendations for the following four main domains of 12 key questions: the indications for PTNB, pre-procedural evaluation, procedural technique of PTNB and its accuracy, and management of post-biopsy complications. We hope that these recommendations can improve the diagnostic accuracy and safety of PTNB in clinical practice and promote standardization of the procedure nationwide.

Fungi are a major cause of human infections with diverse clinical manifestations. The incidence of fungal infections has increased over time, particularly in patients who have risk factors such as neutropenia, immune suppression, an intravascular catheter, parenteral nutrition, a prosthetic device, and prior broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. Here, we present an unusual case of co-infection by 2 distinct fungi, Candida parapsilosis and Trichosporon asahii, isolated from a patient who did not have any known risk factors initially, except active pulmonary tuberculosis. Despite the negative conversion of sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture test after treatment, clinical symptoms were refractory to therapy. The patient developed symptoms suggesting septic shock, and 2 distinct colonies were isolated from a blood specimen, which were identified as C. parapsilosis and T. asahii by MALDI-TOF and rRNA sequencing. Fever and hypotension were relieved after anti-fungal agent injection, and pulmonary lesions identified by imaging also improved.
Candida ; Catheters ; Coinfection ; Fever ; Fungemia ; Fungi ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Neutropenia ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Risk Factors ; Shock, Septic ; Sputum ; Trichosporon ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and survival benefits of combined treatment with radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) in a Korean sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 750 Korean patients with histologically confirmed glioblastoma multiforme, who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with TMZ (CCRT) and adjuvant TMZ from January 2006 until June 2011, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: After the first operation, a gross total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), partial resection (PR), biopsy alone were achieved in 388 (51.7%), 159 (21.2%), 96 (12.8%), and 107 (14.3%) patients, respectively. The methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was reviewed retrospectively in 217 patients. The median follow-up period was 16.3 months and the median overall survival (OS) was 17.5 months. The actuarial survival rates at the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 72.1%, 21.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10.1 months, and the actuarial PFS at 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS were 42.2%, 13.0%, and 7.8%, respectively. The patients who received GTR showed a significantly longer OS and PFS than those who received STR, PR, or biopsy alone, regardless of the methylation status of the MGMT promoter. Patients with a methylated MGMT promoter also showed a significantly longer OS and PFS than those with an unmethylated MGMT promoter. Patients who received more than six cycles of adjuvant TMZ had a longer OS and PFS than those who received six or fewer cycles. Hematologic toxicity of grade 3 or 4 was observed in 8.4% of patients during the CCRT period and in 10.2% during the adjuvant TMZ period. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with CCRT followed by adjuvant TMZ had more favorable survival rates and tolerable toxicity than those who did not undergo this treatment.
Biopsy ; Chemoradiotherapy* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioblastoma* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Methylation ; Radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies* ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: Electric cardioversion has been successfully used in terminating symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, largescale study about the acute cardiovascular events following electrical cardioversion of AF is lacking. This study was performed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and clinical consequences of acute cardiovascular events following electrical cardioversion of AF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 1100 AF patients (mean age 60+/-11 years) who received cardioversion at four tertiary hospitals. Hospitalizations for stroke/transient ischemic attack, major bleedings, and arrhythmic events during 30 days post electric cardioversion were assessed. RESULTS: The mean duration of anticoagulation before cardioversion was 95.8+/-51.6 days. The mean International Normalized Ratio at the time of cardioversion was 2.4+/-0.9. The antiarrhythmic drugs at the time of cardioversion were class I (45%), amiodarone (40%), beta-blocker (53%), calcium-channel blocker (21%), and other medication (11%). The success rate of terminating AF via cardioversion was 87% (n=947). Following cardioversion, 5 strokes and 5 major bleedings occurred. The history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (OR 6.23, 95% CI 1.69-22.90) and heart failure (OR 6.40, 95% CI 1.77-23.14) were among predictors of thromboembolic or bleeding events. Eight patients were hospitalized for bradyarrhythmia. These patients were more likely to have had a lower heart rate prior to the procedure (p=0.045). Consequently, 3 of these patients were implanted with a permanent pacemaker. CONCLUSION: Cardioversion appears as a safe procedure with a reasonably acceptable cardiovascular event rate. However, to prevent the cardiovascular events, several risk factors should be considered before cardioversion.
Aged ; Amiodarone/therapeutic use ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use ; Atrial Fibrillation/*complications/epidemiology/*therapy ; Bradycardia/epidemiology/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Electric Countershock/*methods ; Female ; Heart Failure/epidemiology/etiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology ; Treatment Outcome

Cefotetan is a commonly prescribed second-generation cephalosporin that acts against a wide range of bacteria. However, cefotetan-induced hypersensitivity has rarely been reported. We report 2 cases of cefotetan-induced anaphylaxis with immunologic evaluation. The first case was a 70-year-old asthmatic woman who had dyspnea and hypotension during administration of cefotetan, in which high serum-specific IgE to cefotetan-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The second case was a 63-year-old asthmatic woman who complained of chest tightness and dyspnea during cefotetan infusion, in which high serum-specific IgG1 and IgG4 with no serum specific IgE to cefotetan-HSA conjugate was detected. The basophil activation test using basophils from the patient showed a significant up-regulation of CD63 with the addition of anti-IgG4 antibody compared with that in non-atopic healthy controls. In conclusion, cefotetan can induce anaphylaxis, which may involve both IgE- and IgG4-mediated responses in the pathogenic mechanism.
Aged ; Anaphylaxis* ; Bacteria ; Basophils ; Cefotetan ; Dyspnea ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypotension ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Middle Aged ; Serum Albumin ; Thorax ; Up-Regulation

Annual proficiency surveys were performed in March, June and September 2014 by clinical microbiology division of The Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory. Parasitology part has been newly incorporated in this survey. For each trial, three sets which were composed of different combinations of five bacteria and yeast were distributed for gram stain, culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of general bacteriology and five fixed sputum smear on slides were distributed for acid fast bacilli stain. Two advanced bacteriology survey materials for culture and identification of anaerobic bacteria and mold were distributed to the voluntary participants in every trial and five mycobacterial culture and identification specimens, five anti-tuberculosis susceptibility testing specimens, and two Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for rapid detection of rifampin and isoniazid resistance were distributed to the voluntary participants in March and June trials. Five virtual microscopic slides for stool parasite examination were open for the registered participants in June trial. A total of 340 laboratories were enrolled and 330 (97.0%), 331 (97.4%), and 331 (97.4%) returned the results on trial I, II, and III, respectively. For bacterial identification, the percent acceptable identification of Burkholderia cepacia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Enterococcus faecalis were greater than 95%. Group C and group D Salmonella species challenged as the different sets of M1422 resulted in the acceptable rate lower than 95% because nine participants reported the identification of different sets. Surveillance cultures for methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were correctly determined by 89.6% and 69.0% of the respondents, respectively. Correct identification to species level of Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis were 86.1%, 1.6%, 48.1%, and 83.8%. Vancomycin disk diffusion test in S. aureus, missing oxacillin screen or penicillin susceptibility test in S. pneumoniae and lack of reliable methods of quinolone resistance detection in Salmonella species caused unacceptable results in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Advanced bacteriology trials revealed low performance in species identification of mold. Mycobacterial culture, identification and susceptibility test performance was kept in excellence. The performance of identification of stool parasites was acceptable >90% for detection of helminth eggs and amebic cysts but 28.6% false positive responses resulted from negative specimens. In conclusion, species-level identification of fungi of both candida species and mold were challenging to clinical microbiology laboratories. Vancomycin disk diffusion method for S. aureus and lack of proper penicillin susceptibility test for S. pneumoniae were still common cause of inaccurate results. Virtual microscopic survey has been successfully introduced in parasitology.
Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Bacteriology ; Burkholderia cepacia ; Candida ; Candida albicans ; Candida glabrata ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diffusion ; Eggs ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Fungi ; Helminths ; Isoniazid ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Korea* ; Methicillin Resistance ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Ovum ; Oxacillin ; Parasites ; Parasitology ; Penicillins ; Plesiomonas ; Pneumonia ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rifampin ; Salmonella ; Sputum ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Streptococcus pyogenes ; Vancomycin ; Yeasts

Annual external quality assessment was performed three times for clinical microbiology division of The Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory. For each trial, three sets composed of different combinations of four bacteria and one yeast were distributed for culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. A total of 340 laboratories were enrolled and 330 (97.0%), 331(97.4%), and 331(97.4%) returned the results on trial I, II, and III, respectively. For bacterial identification, the correct identification of gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida species was greater than 95%. However, correct identification of Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Corynebacterium striatum, Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Malassezia pachydermatis was relatively less accurate, with values of 95.4%, 89.9%, 50.7%, 91.3%, 93.6%, and 93.9%, respectively. Surveillance cultures for vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were correctly determined by 95.4% and 93.9% of the respondents, respectively. False carbapenem-resistance due to AmpC beta-lactamase, disk diffusion testing for vancomycin in Staphylococcus species, oxacillin and penicillin susceptibility testing in S. lugdunensis and false imipenem-resistance in Proteus species were common sources of inaccurate results. The accuracy of species identification for Corynebacterium species and Vibrio species requires improvement. Consistent problems occurred with antimicrobial susceptibility testing of vancomycin for Staphylococcus species using the disk diffusion method.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; Bacteria ; beta-Lactamases ; Candida ; Corynebacterium ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diffusion ; Korea ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Malassezia ; Methicillin Resistance ; Oxacillin ; Penicillins ; Proteus ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Staphylococcus lugdunensis ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Vancomycin ; Vibrio ; Vibrio vulnificus ; Yeasts

Annual external quality assessment was performed three times for clinical microbiology division of The Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory. For each trial, three sets composed of different combinations of four bacteria and one yeast were distributed for culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. A total of 340 laboratories were enrolled and 330 (97.0%), 331(97.4%), and 331(97.4%) returned the results on trial I, II, and III, respectively. For bacterial identification, the correct identification of gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida species was greater than 95%. However, correct identification of Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Corynebacterium striatum, Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Malassezia pachydermatis was relatively less accurate, with values of 95.4%, 89.9%, 50.7%, 91.3%, 93.6%, and 93.9%, respectively. Surveillance cultures for vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were correctly determined by 95.4% and 93.9% of the respondents, respectively. False carbapenem-resistance due to AmpC beta-lactamase, disk diffusion testing for vancomycin in Staphylococcus species, oxacillin and penicillin susceptibility testing in S. lugdunensis and false imipenem-resistance in Proteus species were common sources of inaccurate results. The accuracy of species identification for Corynebacterium species and Vibrio species requires improvement. Consistent problems occurred with antimicrobial susceptibility testing of vancomycin for Staphylococcus species using the disk diffusion method.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; Bacteria ; beta-Lactamases ; Candida ; Corynebacterium ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diffusion ; Korea ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Malassezia ; Methicillin Resistance ; Oxacillin ; Penicillins ; Proteus ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Staphylococcus lugdunensis ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Vancomycin ; Vibrio ; Vibrio vulnificus ; Yeasts

Specific IgE to gliadin was proposed as a marker for wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis, while Tri a 14 was found to induce IgE response in baker's asthma. We evaluated whether these components could be used for discriminating phenotypes of wheat allergy. Twenty-nine patients who were wheat-induced anaphylaxis and/or urticaria (n=21, group I) and baker's asthma (n=8, group II) were enrolled. The prevalence of serum specific IgE to Tri a 14 was higher in group II (25%) than in group I (4.8%), while the serum specific IgE to gliadin was significantly higher in group I (70%) than in group II (12.5%). The cutoff value for predicting the baker's asthma using the ratio of serum specific IgE to Tri a 14 to gliadin was 742.8 optical densityx1,000/(kU/L) with high sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that Tri a 14/gliadin may be a potential marker for predicting baker's asthma.
Adult ; Anaphylaxis/immunology ; Antigens, Plant/*immunology ; Asthma/blood/diagnosis/immunology ; Biological Markers/blood ; Carrier Proteins/*immunology ; Female ; Gliadin/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/*blood/immunology ; Male ; Phenotype ; Triticum/immunology ; Urticaria/immunology ; Wheat Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis/*immunology