Background: Plants of the genus Achillea are widely used in both traditional and modern medicine and are known to be rich in biologically active secondary metabolites. Numerous phytochemical and histochemical studies have been con ducted on Achillea millefolium L.; however, Achillea asiatica Serg., which is widely distributed in Mongolia, remains comparatively underexplored. Therefore, investigating the distribution of biologically active compounds, the content of polyphenolic compounds, and the optimal extraction conditions of this species is of significant scientific and practical importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify biologically active compounds in Achillea asiatica Serg. using histochemical methods, to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds and optimal extraction conditions, and to evaluate the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant raw material. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Achillea asiatica Serg. were collected in August 2025 from Erdene soum, Tuv province, Mongolia. Histochemical analysis was performed on transverse stem sections and flower petals using potassium dichromate, ferric chloride (III), methylene blue, Lugol’s iodine, and Dragendorff’s reagent, followed by ob servation under a light microscope. The total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Extraction experiments were conducted using powdered plant material sieved to par ticle sizes of 1, 2, and 3 mm and extracted with 20–80% ethanol. In addition, the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant material were determined according to standard procedures. Results: Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavo noids), and starch, while alkaloids were not detected. Polyphenolic compounds were observed in both stems and flow ers, with more pronounced accumulation in the vascular tissues. The highest total polyphenolic content (0.421%) was obtained from the 1 mm particle-size fraction extracted with 70–80% ethanol. Using 60% ethanol, the total absorption coefficient of the plant material was determined to be 5.74, and the internal absorption coefficient was 1.885. Conclution Achillea asiatica Serg. is rich in polyphenolic compounds, and their anatomical distribution is closely as sociated with the plant’s protective and biological functions. The use of 1 mm particle-size material and 70–80% ethanol was identified as the most suitable condition for extracting polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide a scientific basis for the standardization of Achillea asiatica Serg. as a medicinal and phytopharmaceutical raw material and support its further pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation.

Background: In atopic dermatitis, impairment of the skin barrier function leads to increased susceptibility to environ mental particles and pollutants, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis and complications, as well as to an increased risk of fungal skin infections. In children with atopic dermatitis, infections caused by Candida species exacerbate the dis ease and reduce the effectiveness of treatment. Candida species are common opportunistic pathogens colonizing the skin and mucosal surfaces, and more than 200 species have been described. Among these, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei are most frequently isolated from the skin, mucosa, and oral cavity. In Mongolia, studies culturing skin fungi and determining their metabolic activity and virulence factors are limited, which constituted the rationale for the present study. Aim: To determine virulence factors and selected biochemical activities of Candida species. Materials and Methods: In this study, Candida species strains cultured from clinical samples of children with atopic der matitis were used with research approval. The fungal strains preserved at –80°C were revived by culturing on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar and evaluated microscopically after Gram staining. Biofilm-forming activity was determined us ing the microtiter plate method, in which cultures were grown in broth, optical density was measured using a microplate reader, and values were calculated using a standard formula. Phospholipase activity was assessed using egg yolk agar according to the method developed by Price et al. Results: Of the total cultured isolates, 54.1% (n=33) demonstrated weak biofilm-forming activity (≤ODc / ODc < ~ ≤2×ODc), while 32.79% (n=20) showed moderate biofilm-forming activity (2×ODc < ~ ≤4×ODc). Isolates exhibiting strong biofilm-forming activity (>4×ODc) accounted for 13.1% (n =8) Regarding phospholipase activity, 50% of the isolates showed strong activity, 30% showed moderate activity, 10% showed low activity, and 10% exhibited very weak activity. Conclusions 1. Virulent fungal strains capable of attaching to host cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. 2. Atopic dermatitis is shown to contain fungal strains that damage host cells and are involved in the process of inva sion.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla. Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, Schizostachoum chinense. Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula. Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the anti-fever effects of Lish-6. Marerials and Methods: Fever was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Lish-6 was given orally at concentration of 92 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hours after the LPS administration. Rectal temperature wa measured 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours after the LPS administration. Paracetamoli was given orally at concentration of 50 mg/kg. Blood levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay using rat kits. Lung tissue was examined by histopathological analysis. Results: The body temperature of rats in the normal group was 35.0±1.10С, while in the control group, periodic fever was caused by the effect of lipopolysaccharide (p=0.001). But in the Lish-6 drug group, rectal temperature decreased steadily (p=0.05). In addition, the IL-1β cytokine in the normal group was 3.24±0.31 ng/L and increased by 60.5% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 31% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). IL-6 cytokine in the normal animals was 21.1±0.2 pg/L and increased by 19.04% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 8.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p =0.05). PGE2 in the normal group was 43.2±0.3 ng/L, and it increased by 62.7% in the control group, indicating the development of a pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 53.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). Conclusion Lish-6 traditional drug has the effect of reducing rectal temperature, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 cytokines during lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile pathology model.

Background: Erkhem-8 medicine is a composed Crocus Sativus L, Lagotis integrifolia, Gentiana barbata froel etc, used for the treatment of respiratory diseases, specially pneumonia and fever or hot disease in Mongolian Traditional Medicine. Aim: The effects of Erkhem-8 medicine to determine the some sourcebook study results. Materials and Methods: An evaluation of its effects on wind, bile, and phlegm was conducted using Traditional Mongolian Medicine methods (Dagvatseren B, 1996). In order to clarify the structure and composition of Erkhem-8 traditional medicines, and the treatment of lung fever from traditional medical sources. Text and source-study and comparison method were used in the study. Results: The study found that Erkhem-8 medicine demonstrated a varying capacity to suppress wind, bile, and phlegm, with bile suppression being the most significant at 0.68, followed by wind suppression at 0.58, and phlegm suppression at 0.16. Erkhem-8 is composed of 8 ingredients, which are safflower Carthamus tinctorius L, gmeline Bostaurus domesticus, Schizostachoum chinense Rendle, wood Santalum album L, Odontitis rubra Baung.Opiz, flora Gentiana decumbens L, herba Lagoti sintegrifolia Schischk, flora Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichenb. These herbs themselves have a variety of biological activities, including reduce heat, pain relief, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor, anti-inflammation activity. Conclusions 1. The study found that Erkhem-8 exhibited the highest suppression of bile (0.68), followed by wind (0.58), and phlegm (0.16), indicating its effectiveness in modulating these elements. 2. Most of the raw materials included in the composition of Erkhem-8 medicine have a bitter and sweet taste and have the ability to remove heat, especially heat of the solid organs, i.e. heat of the lungs, liver, blood, specially pneumonia and fever or hot disease in Traditional Mongolian Medicine.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B.Clark, Schizostachoum chinense Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the pain relief and antibacterial effects of Lish-6. Materials and Methods: To conduct acute toxicity study using V.B. Prozorovsk method. Average lethal dose, lethal and maximum nonlethal doses were determined. Acetic acid (1%-0.1 ml) was injected into the rat abdominal cavity to induce pain. Wistar rat of either sex (n = 6) weighing 18–22g were used. All animals were withdrawn from food 2h before the start of experiment and were divided in five groups. Group I was injected with normal saline (10ml/kg) as control, Diclodenk was given orally at concentration of 25 mg/kg. Group II III, IV, V and VI were injected with Lish-6 was given orally at concentrations of 9.2, 18, 36, 92, 184 mg/kg injection of acetic acid. The number of abdominal constrictions (writhes) were counted of acetic acid injection for the period of 20 min. To determine the antibacterial effect by dilution method. Results: Average lethal dose of Lish-6 was found to be LD50=0.92 (0.6-1.04) g/kg suggesting that it is slightly toxic animals. Control group animals abdominal constrictions 72.4±8.8. Lish-6 concentrations of 9.2, 18, 36, 92, 184 mg/kg group animal reduced acitic acid induced pain by 41.9-78.7% suggesting that it is pain relief effect (p<0.001). 4 g of Lish-6 medicine is active against gram-positive bacteria (S.aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia). However, it is inactive against gram-negative bacteria. In other words, Lish-6 medicine inhibits the growth of methicillin-resistant and non-resistant S.aureus bacteria at a dose of 500 mg. It was also found to inhibit Streptococcus pneumonia at a dose of 250 mg. Conclusion Average lethal dose of Lish-6 was found to be LD50=0.92 (0.6-1.04) g/kg suggesting that it is slightly toxic animal. Lish-6 reduced acitic acid induced pain by 41.9-78.7% suggesting that it is pain relief effect. Lish-6 traditional drug has an antibacterial effect.

Background: In traditional medicine, the Shimshin-6 formulation, which consists of Rheum undulatum L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Zingiber officinalie Roscoe, Saussurea Lappa C.B.Clark, Sal ammoniacum, Tronae veneni, is recommended for women experiencing menstrual retention disorders. In recent years, Shimshin-6 has been widely used to promote postpartum uterine involution for women and our study aimed to evaluate and determine the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Aim: To evaluate and substantiate the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity of Shimshin-6 was evaluated using the rapid method described by V.B. Prozorovsky (1978) by administering intraperitoneal injections of the medicinal extract in white mice to determine the lethal dose. The active dose was determined following the methodology of I.P. Zapadnyuk (1983). Chronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats according to the OECD 407 (2008) guidelines. The test animals were administered Shimshin-6 in tablet form (90 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg) and decoction form (tang) (162 mg/kg) daily for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical and complete blood analyses were conducted, along with histopathological examination of major organs. The study was conducted with ethical approval granted by the Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) on October 25, 2024. Results: The LD50 for Shimshin-6 tablets was 4.47 (3.39–5.1) g/kg, indicating low acute toxicity based on the K.K. Sidorov classification. The LD50 for the decoction form was 8.1 (7.1–9.4) g/kg, suggesting it is non-toxic. Regarding chronic toxicity, platelet count was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group: Shimshin-6 tablet group: 46% reduction at 90 mg/kg and 29.7% reduction at 180 mg/kg. Shimshin-6 decoction group: 60.5% reduction at 162 mg/ kg. Additionally, hemoglobin levels in the decoction group (162 mg/kg) decreased by 15.7% (p<0.05). Biochemical analysis showed a 36.3% reduction in total cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the tablet group (180 mg/kg) and decoction group (162 mg/kg) compared to the control (p<0.05). Conclusion Shimshin-6 tablets showed low acute toxicity in experimental mice. However, long-term administration may lead to a reduction in platelet count.

Background: The Shimshin-6 formulation, composed of Rheum undulatum L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke, Sal ammoniacum, and Tronae veneni, has traditionally been used in the management of gynecological disorders such as amenorrhea, abnormal blood clot formation, and pelvic pain. It has also been widely applied in postpartum care to promote uterine contractility and to prevent complications, including hemorrhage and inflammation. However, its therapeutic potential in postpartum uterine involution has not been scientifically validated. Aim: To investigate the effects of the Shimshin-6 herbal formulation on postpartum uterine involution in rats Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Research Center of the Institute of Traditional Medicine and Technology, following the methodology described by Zheng ZH et al. (2019). Postpartum rats were randomly assigned to four groups and received daily treatments for five consecutive days with either Shimshin-6 tablets at doses of 180 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg, Shimshin-6 decoction at 163 mg/kg, or physiological saline as a control. Serum concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3 were measured using commercially available ELISA kits (Shanghai MLBIO Biotechnology Co. Ltd, China). Following ethical euthanasia, uterine tissues were collected for histological examination, which included evaluation of uterine weight, endometrial thickness, myometrial structure, and glandular morphology. Results: Shimshin-6 treatment significantly reduced the uterine index and serum estrogen levels compared with the control group, while no significant difference was observed in progesterone concentration. The treatment also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels and modulated growth factors in postpartum rats. Histological analysis further revealed that Shimshin-6 promoted uterine recovery, despite the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhagic changes in the uterine wall. Conclusion Shimshin-6 preparation exerts a promotive effect on postpartum uterine involution in rats.

Background: Background: In recent years, ensuring a safe and healthy working environment for mining employees, improving working conditions, protecting and promoting health, and paying attention to other factors affecting health have become essential requirements. While infectious diseases, noncommunicable (chronic) diseases, nutritional disorders, occupational injuries, and mental health conditions are the main indicators for assessing the health impact on mining workers, there is still a lack of research on noncommunicable diseases among mining sector employees in Mongolia. This gap served as the basis for the present study. Aim: To study the risk factors of noncommunicable diseases among employees of Erdenet Mining Corporation Materials and Methods: A total of 303 employees from 15 divisions of Erdenet Mining Corporation participated in the study. Participants belonging to high-risk groups for noncommunicable diseases were selected using a purposive sampling method. The survey questionnaire was developed based on the WHO STEP wise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of noncommunicable disease risk factors. Results: Of all participants, 70% were male and 30% were female, with an average age of 46 years. The average total duration of employment was 23 years, of which male employees had worked an average of 19.3 years and female employees 17.3 years at Erdenet Mining Corporation. Among participants, 48.5% had never smoked, while 38.3% were current smokers. When analyzing alcohol consumption by job position, it was found that 85.7% of managers and 66.7% of administrative and decoration workers had high levels of alcohol consumption. Regarding physical activity, 23% of male and 15.2% of female employees reported engaging in active exercise more than three days per week, indicating that male employees were more physically active than females. In terms of dietary habits, 28.3% of males and 17.6% of females did not control their salt intake. As for eating patterns, 53.6% of employees regularly had breakfast, 77.3% regularly had lunch, and 76.6% regularly had dinner at a fixed time. Conclusions 1. Among the employees surveyed, 48.5% had never smoked, while 38.3% were current smokers. Daily smoking was most prevalent among employees aged 35–54 years (74.2%), with the 25–34 age group also showing a relatively high rate of smoking. Regarding alcohol consumption, 38.2% of male employees reported drinking vodka or similar alcoholic beverages. Alcohol consumption was significantly higher among males compared to females, indicating that it is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (p=0.003). 2. In terms of dietary patterns, 53.6% of employees reported regularly having breakfast, 77.3% regularly had lunch, and 76.6% regularly had dinner. Eating habits varied by gender. Concerning physical activity, 23% of male employees and 15.2% of female employees engaged in regular exercise, indicating that male employees were more physically active than females. The study found that lifestyle and behavioral factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, and poor dietary habits contribute to an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases among employees.

Background: Researchers have identified that occupational exposures related to mining operations-such as dust, noise, and vibration—can increase the risk of developing occupational diseases, including pneumoconiosis, hearing loss, and spinal injuries, as well as noncommunicable conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Work-related stress, living away from family, reliance on portable food services, and shift work systems also contribute to weight gain and negatively affect endocrine function. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and noncommunicable diseases among employees of Erdenet Mining Corporation Materials and methods: A total of 303 employees from 15 divisions of Erdenet Mining Corporation participated in the study. Participants included employees with 10–20 years or more of service; 15% were female, and 75% were technical workers. Employees belonging to high-risk groups for noncommunicable diseases were selected using a purposive sampling method. Results: When analyzing body mass index (BMI) by occupation, overweight or obesity was found among 79.2% of service workers, 65% of electricians, 100% of fuel distributors, 77.8% of decorators, 75.5% of mechanics, 94.7% of specialists, 86.4% of professional workers, 75.7% of operators and engineers, and 88.9% of administrative staff. Central obesity was also analyzed by job position, revealing that 79.2% of service workers, 60% of laboratory staff, 35% of electricians, 64.9% of operators and engineers, and 66.7% of administrative employees had central obesity. Among all participants, 20.7% had a previous history of cardiovascular disease, of whom 71.4% were male and 28.6% were female. The mean blood glucose level among participants was 6.0 mmol/L, with a median of 5.6 mmol/L, a minimum of 3.9 mmol/L, and a maximum of 18.3 mmol/L. The median glucose level was 0.2 mmol/L lower than the national average. No statistically significant difference in blood glucose levels was found between males and females (p = 0.135). By job position, elevated blood glucose levels (prediabetic range) were found in 62.5% of service workers, 40% of laboratory staff, 35% of electricians, 71.4% of managers, and 55.6% of administrative employees. Conclusion The findings indicate an increasing trend in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors among employees of Erdenet Mining Corporation SOE.

: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq) P. Kumm) is the second cultivated and most popular edible mushroom after Agaricus bisporus in the world. The fruiting bodies of these mushrooms have high nutritional value and are beneficial for health. Pleurotus ostreatus are an interesting source of bioactive glucans and other polysaccharides. This study focuses on the isolation and structural characterization of glucans from the fruiting bodies and stems cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods: Physicochemical properties of fruiting bodies and stems cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus in Mongolia, were studied using standard methods. Glucans were extracted and purified using the precipitation method and Sevag reagent, and functional groups were determined by FT-IR. Conclusion The characteristic absorption bands of the water and alkali-soluble fractions were found near 1070, 1044, 869 and 777-769 cm-1. These IR bands are characteristic of fungal (1→3)(1→6)-β-D- glucans, and indicating these fractions are glucan-type polysaccharides