Bone development shows certain regularity with age. The regularity can be used to infer age and serve many fields such as justice, medicine, archaeology, etc. As a non-invasive evaluation method of the epiphyseal development stage, MRI is widely used in living age estimation. In recent years, the rapid development of machine learning has significantly improved the effectiveness and reliability of living age estimation, which is one of the main development directions of current research. This paper summarizes the analysis methods of age estimation by knee joint MRI, introduces the current research trends, and future application trend.
Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging* ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different concentrations of linolenin on inhibiting apoptosis of chondrocytes in the growth plate, and to screen the optimal concentration of linolenin, so as to provide theoretical support for delaying epiphyseal closure and promoting long bone growth in rats. METHODS: Two 4-week-old male SD rats (SPF grade) with a body mass of 80 g were selected. The growth plate cartilage of rat tibia and femur was dissected and isolated in vitro to obtain growth plate chondrocytes for culture. The chondrocytes were observed and identified by inverted phase contrast microscope and typeⅡ collagen immunofluorescence test, and then 20 ng/ml IL-1β was used to induce apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes as model group, and added with 1, 10, 20, 40 μM linolenin as the experimental group, and 5 μM letrozole as the positive control group. The cells were cultured for 24 and 48 hours respectively. The drug promoted cell proliferation was observed by MTT method, and the drug inhibited cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Contents 1, 10, 20, 40 μM could promote cell proliferation in varying degrees, and the principle was that the drug inhibits IL-1β induced chondrocyte apoptosis in the growth plate, and the optimal concentration of drugs to inhibit apoptosis was 20 μM. CONCLUSION The appropriate concentration of linseed lignans can significantly inhibit the apoptosis of chondrocytes in the growth plate of rats, and the optimal drug concentration is 20 μM. It provides possibility for delayed bone closure and longer growth time to promote bone growth during development.
Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Growth Plate ; Chondrocytes ; Flax ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Apoptosis ; Lignans/pharmacology*

Child ; Epiphyses ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Lower Extremity

Objective To develop mathematical models for skeletal age determination with multiple statistic method based on the correlation between age and the growth of the epiphysis of extremitas sternalis of clavicle in Shanxi adolescents. Methods The 562 Shanxi sternoclavicular joint samples （454 cases of modelling, 108 cases of external verification） were scanned by the thin-section computed tomography. After volume rendering was obtained, indicators such as area of epiphysis, area of metaphysis, longest diameter of epiphysis and longest diameter of metaphysis of both extremitas sternalis of clavicle were collected. Indicators such as the ratio of area of epiphysis to area of metaphysis, and the ratio of longest diameter of epiphysis to longest diameter of metaphysis of both sides were calculated. Then multiple linear regression and random forest discriminant models were used to build mathematical models for age determination of adolescents. Results The obtained indicators exhibited a strong correlation with age （r>0.85）. The multiple linear regression model for males and females （all 4 indicators entering the model） based on the ratio of longest diameter of epiphysis to longest diameter of metaphysis and the ratio of area of epiphysis to area of metaphysis had an internal validation accuracy rate （±1.0 year） of over 92% and 108 cases had an external validation accuracy rate of over 70% （±1.0 year）. The out of bag error rates of random forest discriminant models were less than 2% for people over 18.0 years old （≥18.0 years old） and under 18.0 years old. The external validation accuracy rates of the 108 cases were over 80%. Conclusion The regression and discriminant models established in this study have certain reliability and accuracy and can be used in age determination of Shanxi adolescents.
Adolescent ; Age Determination by Skeleton ; Clavicle/diagnostic imaging* ; Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Osteogenesis ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of continuous pumping of teriparatide (TPTD) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized and normal mice and provide experimental evidence for the selection of animal models for studying the effects of TPTD and its related peptides on osteoclasts. METHODS: Twenty-four female C57BL mice (6-weeks old) were subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation followed 7 days later by continuous pumping of TPTD or the solvent vehicle (VEH) a micropump (SHAM-VEH, SHAM-TPTD, OVX-VEH, and OVX-TPTD groups; =6). Two weeks later, the tibial and femoral bones were harvested for micro-CT scanning to measure the parameters of the tibia and the femoral cortical bone. Histopathological examinations of the tibial tissue were conducted using HE staining and TRAP staining and the number of osteoclasts and the growth plate thickness were determined. The serum Ca2 + levels of the mice were measured. The primary osteoblasts from the cranial bone were treated with estradiol (E2) and TPTD for 48 h, and the expressions of β-catenin and RANKL protein in the cells were analyzed. RESULTS: The trabecular bone mass of OVX mice was significantly lower than that of sham-operated mice ( < 0.05). Continuous TPTD pumping significantly reduced tibial cancellous bone mass and femoral cortical bone area in the sham-operated mice, while in the castrated mice, TPTD pumping increased the cancellous bone mass without changing the cortical bone area. TRAP staining showed that cancellous osteoblasts in the tibia increased significantly in the castrated mice as compared with the sham-operated mice, and TPTD pumping significantly increased the number of cancellous osteoblasts in the sham-operated mice ( < 0.05). In the primary cultured osteoblasts, treatment with both E2 and TPTD obviously lowered the expression of β-catenin and increased the expression of RANKL as compared with TPTD treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS Continuous pumping of TPTD promotes bone resorption in normal mice but does not produce obvious bone resorption effect in the ovariectomized mice, suggesting that castrated mice are not suitable models for studying the effect of TPTD and the related peptides on the osteoclasts.
Animals ; Bone Density ; Bone Density Conservation Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Bone Resorption ; drug therapy ; Bone and Bones ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Growth Plate ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteoclasts ; drug effects ; Ovariectomy ; RANK Ligand ; metabolism ; Teriparatide ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; beta Catenin ; metabolism

The patient was a female infant aged 1 month and 29 days. She was admitted to the hospital due to convulsions for 6 days and increased blood glucose level for 5 days. She had unstable blood glucose levels. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin was too high to measure. Urine glucose was positive (+ - ++++). The levels of fasting C-peptide and insulin were 0.19 ng/mL and 11.68 μIU/mL respectively. High-throughput sequencing of the genetic endocrine disease gene Panel (412 detected genes, including 49 known diabetes-related genes) showed that the EIF2AK3 gene in the infant had two novel compound heterozygous mutations, c.2731_2732delAG and c.2980G>A, both of which were located in the kinase domain. The infant was diagnosed with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS). As a rare autosomal recessive disease, WRS is characterized by neonatal diabetes, multiple epiphyseal dysphasia and liver disease. Neonatal diabetes is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of WRS. The EIF2AK3 gene is the pathogenic gene of WRS.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Epiphyses ; abnormalities ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Mutation ; Osteochondrodysplasias ; eIF-2 Kinase

Chondroblastoma is a rare benign tumor that produces giant cells and cartilage matrix. The tumor occurs in people between 10 and 25 years with slightly higher incidence in males. The condition occurs in the proximal epiphysis of the tibia and humerus, distal epiphysis of the femur, but its occurrence in the talus is relatively rare, accounting for 4% of the total number of chondroblastoma cases. Chondroblastoma is often misdiagnosed as a primary aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor, chondromyxoid, and lesion of a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst by fibrous dysplasia. The most commonly used surgical method for chondroblastoma is broad curettage with bone grafting. In general, an aneurysmal bone cyst is associated with a second degree chondroblastoma, which is approximately 20%. Chondroblastoma of the talus and secondary aneurysmal bone cysts can be misdiagnosed as primary aneurysmal bone cysts. This paper reports a case of a young male patient with chondroblastoma of the talus, which was initially misdiagnosed as an aneurysmal bone cyst with involvement of the talo-navicular joint.
Aneurysm ; Bone Cysts ; Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal ; Bone Transplantation ; Cartilage ; Chondroblastoma ; Curettage ; Epiphyses ; Femur ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Giant Cells ; Humans ; Humerus ; Incidence ; Joints ; Male ; Methods ; Talus ; Tibia

Linear growth occurs at the growth plate. Therefore, genetic defects that interfere with the normal function of the growth plate can cause linear growth disorders. Many genetic causes of growth disorders have already been identified in humans. However, recent genome-wide approaches have broadened our knowledge of the mechanisms of linear growth, not only providing novel monogenic causes of growth disorders but also revealing single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that affect height in the general population. The genes identified as causative of linear growth disorders are heterogeneous, playing a role in various growth-regulating mechanisms including those involving the extracellular matrix, intracellular signaling, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Understanding the underlying genetic defects in linear growth is important for clinicians and researchers in order to provide proper diagnoses, management, and genetic counseling, as well as to develop better treatment approaches for children with growth disorders.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Epigenomics ; Extracellular Matrix ; Genetic Counseling ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Growth Disorders ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Paracrine Communication ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

BACKGROUND: Giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive primary benign tumor presenting as an expansile osteolytic lesion affecting the epiphysis of long bones. Denosumab halts the osteolysis by giant cells thereby downstaging the tumor, helping in performing less morbid procedures to remove the tumor. Our aim was to report the incidence of local recurrence (LR) in patients operated following neoadjuvant denosumab, to investigate factors associated with LR following extended curettage for GCTB, and to compare the postoperative functional and oncological outcome of patients operated with and without neoadjuvant denosumab. METHODS: A total of 123 patients with a mean age of 29.6 years undergoing extended curettage for GCTB were retrospectively divided into group 1 receiving neoadjuvant denosumab and group 2 operated without denosumab. The mean follow-up period was 35 months. The perioperative characteristics and outcome were compared between the two groups and the factors for LR of GCTB were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of LR among patients operated after neoadjuvant denosumab therapy was 42.8% and was significantly high compared to that in patients without denosumab (p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of denosumab as a neoadjuvant was the only factor independently associated with LR following surgery (p = 0.002). Patients treated with denosumab had a lower LR-free survival rate (log-rank, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Denosumab was independently associated with increased LR following surgery for GCTB. Denosumab has to be used cautiously in patients in whom the burden of downstaging the disease outweighs the possible chance of LR.
Curettage ; Denosumab ; Epiphyses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Giant Cells ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Osteolysis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: Ganz surgical hip dislocation via a posterior (Kocher-Langenbeck) approach is a popular procedure in the management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We report the results of surgery performed through an anterolateral (Watson-Jones) approach in the management of anterolateral FAI. METHODS: Twenty-one hips in 20 patients (mean age at the time of operation, 17.3 years) were treated surgically using an anterolateral approach: 12 hips with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, three septic hips, three hips with avascular necrosis (combined with slipped capital femoral epiphysis [SCFE], femoral neck fracture, and developmental dislocation of the hip), two hips with epiphyseal dysplasia, and one hip with SCFE. All patients had anterolateral FAI. Surgical hip dislocation was performed in four hips with trochanteric osteotomy. Combined osteotomies were for neck lengthening in 11 hips, varus or valgus osteotomy in the proximal femur in four hips, and pelvic osteotomy in four hips. Clinical results were evaluated using a modified Harris hip score (mHHS). RESULTS: Range of hip flexion and abduction showed statistically significant improvement after surgery; however, the improvement in mean mHHS was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: An anterolateral approach can be used as an alternative to a posterior approach in the management of anterolateral FAI with or without hip dislocation while safely preserving the blood supply to the femoral head and allowing simultaneous procedures in the proximal femur.
Dislocations ; Femoracetabular Impingement ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Femur ; Head ; Hip Dislocation ; Hip ; Humans ; Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease ; Neck ; Necrosis ; Osteotomy ; Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses