For the distant metastasis of differentiated thyroid cancers, such as papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and Hurthle cell carcinoma, radioiodine therapy is one of the standard treatment methods after total thyroidectomy. Radioiodine is accumulated in thyroid cells and thyroid cancer cells through sodium iodide symporter which is located in the membrane of cells. This molecular target specific therapy renders a better prognosis and less adverse effects. Radioiodine 131I emits gamma ray for imaging and beta ray for treatment at the same time, we can monitor patients' specific distribution of radioiodine, which let us know unexpected metastasis lesions or differentiated status of thyroid cancer cells. In this article, I reviewed practical points of view about radioiodine therapy for distant metastasis of thyroid cancers such as methods for administration of radioiodine, patients' preparation before radioiodine treatment, follow up of patients, adverse effects, and radiation safety issues.
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular ; Beta Particles ; Carcinoma ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gamma Rays ; Humans ; Ion Transport ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Membranes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Prognosis ; Sodium Iodide ; Symporters ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroidectomy

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are essential communicative sounds used between rodent pups and their mother. Rat pups emit USVs in stressful situations, such as when they are cold or separated from the nest. We verified the ontogenetic changes in USVs emitted by infant rats isolated from their mother during the pre-weaning period. The number of calls, and the median frequency and first peak of frequency of the calls were measured at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14 days postnatal age in Wistar-Imamichi rats. Pups were placed in a cold glass beaker and USVs were recorded for 5 min. The number of calls increased to a peak on day 5 and then gradually decreased. The median frequency of calls decreased slowly during the first 12 days, and then increased slightly on day 14. Similarly, the first peak frequency of calls was the highest on day 1, and then decreased gradually by day 12. A small increase was observed on day 14. These changes in frequency were correlated with the physical development of the pups, whose body weights increased significantly with age except during postnatal days 7-10.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cold Temperature ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Glass ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Ultrasonics

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects of silanation time on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets on gold alloy in a silicoating procedure and compare the SBS of metal brackets on gold alloy and enamel. METHODS: Type III gold alloy plates were sandblasted with 30-microm silicon dioxide. Excess particles were removed with gentle air after silica coating, and silane was applied. Maxillary central-incisor metal brackets were bonded to each conditioned alloy surface with a light curing resin adhesive for 1 s, 30 s, 60 s, or 120 s after applying silane. The brackets were also bonded to 36 upper central incisors with the same adhesive. All samples were cured for 40 s with a light emitting diode curing light. The SBS was tested after 1 h and after 24 h. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the samples was also compared. RESULTS: The 60-s and 120-s silanation time groups showed a higher SBS than the other groups (p < 0.05). Samples tested after 24 h showed a significantly higher SBS than did the samples tested after 1 h (p < 0.05). The 1-s group showed higher ARI scores. The one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test showed that the SBS values of the 60-s and 120-s silanation time groups were not significantly different from the SBS values of enamel. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate silanation time is required to produce sufficient bond strength during silicoating.
Adhesives ; Alloys ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Incisor ; Light ; Silicon Dioxide

This study was conducted to identify a suitable color of light for development of the fruit body in Hypsizygus marmoreus. To accomplish this, samples were irradiated with blue (475 nm), green (525 nm), yellow (590 nm), or red (660 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs) to induce the formation of fruiting bodies after mycelia growth. The diameter and thickness of the pileus and length of stipes in samples subjected to blue LED treatment were similar to those of subjected to fluorescent light (control), and the lengths of the stipes were highest in response to treatment with the red LED and darkness. The commercial yields of plants subjected to blue and green LED treatment were similar to those of the control. In conclusion, cultivation of H. marmoreus coupled with exposure to blue LED is useful for inducing high quality fruit bodies as well as higher levels of ergosterol, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol content and reducing power.
Agaricales ; Darkness ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Ergosterol ; Fruit ; Light

Leprosy is disease of skin and peripheral nerve especially. Sequale and disability of musculoskeletal system, especially peripheral extremities (hands and foots) can be developed due to severe and irreversible peripheral nerve damage in leprosy. In leprosy, Skin ulcers can relapse very often and progress to deformity and amputation of hands or foot. We need methods to treat skin ulcer effectively. We have used various therapies such as antibiotics in infectious state, disinfectant, variable wet dressing materials(transparent film, foams, gels&hydrogels, hydrocolloids, calcium alignate), silver dressing, Vacuum Assisted Closure unit, debridement, curettage, surgery to treat skin ulcer in leprosy patients. Sometimes we can treat skin ulcer successfully but, we often encounter ulcer resistant to treat. We need to find and develop methods to treat ulcer successfully. Several researches have reported articles to treat wound successfully using light emitting diode(LED). We tried to treat ulcer in old leprosy patients using LED. We divided ulcers patients into case group(conventional dressing therapy + LED therapy) and control group (only conventional dressing therapy) randomly in out patient department and in ward. This research was carried out from February 2012 to September 2012. Case group and control group have composed of 30 patients respectively. Average age of patients was 74 years old in case group and 69 years old in control group. We have used LED device composed of 700 pieces of diodes emitting 635nm and 500 pieces of diodes emitting 830nm, totally 1200 pieces of diodes. We have observed the size of wounds twice per week in control group and case group. Before treatment average size of wounds was 8509.76mm3 in case group and 8625.33mm3 in control group. P-vale was 0.49. There was no significant difference in case and control group. After treatment average size of wounds was 787.83mm3 in case group and 8074.63mm3 in control group. P-vale was 0.02. There was significant difference in case and control group. After treatment average reduction of size per time was 338.02mm3/day in case group and 26.55mm3/day in control group. P-vale was 0.002. There was significant difference in case and control group. Therefore we have concluded that LED device was effective in wound treatment. Some articles have reported that LED Device have helped to treat wounds in DM ulcer, third degree burn, oral ulcer, skin ulcer in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome patient, some retinopathy etc. We have concluded that LED of infrared or long visible wavelength light can be used effectively in treatment of wound along with conventional treatment concurrently.
Amputation ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bandages ; Burns ; Calcium ; Colloids ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Curettage ; Debridement ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Extremities ; Foot ; Foot Ulcer ; Hand ; Humans ; Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome ; Leprosy ; Light ; Musculoskeletal System ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy ; Oral Ulcer ; Peripheral Nerves ; Recurrence ; Silver ; Skin ; Skin Ulcer ; Ulcer

Bloodstain pattern analysis is a forensic discipline that reconstruct events of a crime scene by analyzing sizes, shapes, distributions, positions of bloodstains. Bloodstain pattern can be classified into the low velocity, medium velocity, and high velocity system. Velocities in this system represent the velocity of the wounding agent (the force applied) and not to the velocity of the blood in flight. Thus there is no reference system about the velocity of the blood in flight in the existing bloodstain classification system. Applying bloodstain pattern analysis to the real crime case, we needed to have the reference system of velocities of impact spatter, cast-off spatter, and expectorate spatter. Therefore we measured the velocities of these spatters using high speed camera and we analyzed the results. In this experiments the average velocity of impact spatter that generated by swinging a hammer with all experimenter's strength at the pool of blood is about 4.7 times faster than that of swing cast-off spatter that generated by swinging a red-wat hammer with all experimenter's strength, and about 3.9 times faster than that of expectorate spatter that generated by emitting blood from the mouth with all experimenter's strength. The velocities of cast-off spatter and expectorate spatter, however, showed similar distributions. Our experiments that measure the velocities of droplets of blood spatters in flight under the specific conditions that generated at fastest speed can give some reference to the classification system of velocities of bloodstains which is not distinct up to now, as well as some real bloodshed crime cases.
Crime ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Mouth

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Firefighters face serious risks to their health and safety in the performance of their duties. In addition to the diverse occupational hazards well-known to the public, firefighters are also occasionally exposed to high levels of noise, such as sirens, horns, and electronic alerting signals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We first measured the noise emitted by two fire trucks and one ambulance. Next, we enrolled 171 firefighters (164 males, seven females). We designated the employees of a private school as controls for the firefighter group. After selecting workers, including audiometric testing at 1,000 and 4,000 Hz, the groups were age- and gender-matched. Both groups were included separately for the right and left ears at pure-tone test frequencies at 1,000 and 4,000 Hz. We chose the better ear thresholds and analyzed the differences in hearing levels at each frequency and each age group between the firefighters and controls. RESULTS: The sound pressure levels of the siren in and out of an ambulance, the first fire truck, and the second fire truck were 99.3 dB (A) and 108.9 dB (A), 92.3 dB (A) and 108.3, and 78.8 dB (A) and 99.0 dB (A), respectively. At 4,000 Hz, the hearing threshold was significantly increased by work period (p<0.01). Each hearing threshold level was significantly higher than controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Many of the noise sources produce sounds exceeding 90 dB (A), and some firefighters may be exposed for brief periods to levels that exceed 105-110 dB (A). The hearing threshold level in firefighters is higher than the general population and noise-induced hearing loss in firefighters is possible. In the future, consistent, effective, and long-standing implementation of hearing conservation programs are needed, and special health examinations for hearing levels in firefighters must be conducted.
Ambulances ; Animals ; Ear ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Firefighters ; Fires ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; Horns ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Noise ; Noise, Occupational

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Firefighters face serious risks to their health and safety in the performance of their duties. In addition to the diverse occupational hazards well-known to the public, firefighters are also occasionally exposed to high levels of noise, such as sirens, horns, and electronic alerting signals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We first measured the noise emitted by two fire trucks and one ambulance. Next, we enrolled 171 firefighters (164 males, seven females). We designated the employees of a private school as controls for the firefighter group. After selecting workers, including audiometric testing at 1,000 and 4,000 Hz, the groups were age- and gender-matched. Both groups were included separately for the right and left ears at pure-tone test frequencies at 1,000 and 4,000 Hz. We chose the better ear thresholds and analyzed the differences in hearing levels at each frequency and each age group between the firefighters and controls. RESULTS: The sound pressure levels of the siren in and out of an ambulance, the first fire truck, and the second fire truck were 99.3 dB (A) and 108.9 dB (A), 92.3 dB (A) and 108.3, and 78.8 dB (A) and 99.0 dB (A), respectively. At 4,000 Hz, the hearing threshold was significantly increased by work period (p<0.01). Each hearing threshold level was significantly higher than controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Many of the noise sources produce sounds exceeding 90 dB (A), and some firefighters may be exposed for brief periods to levels that exceed 105-110 dB (A). The hearing threshold level in firefighters is higher than the general population and noise-induced hearing loss in firefighters is possible. In the future, consistent, effective, and long-standing implementation of hearing conservation programs are needed, and special health examinations for hearing levels in firefighters must be conducted.
Ambulances ; Animals ; Ear ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Firefighters ; Fires ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; Horns ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Noise ; Noise, Occupational

BACKGROUND: Though elastic fibers are as important as collagen fibers in interpretation of the histopathologic findings, it is impossible to observe them on the hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stained specimen. OBJECTIVE: Characterizing eosin fluorescence emitted by elastic fibers in H&E stained specimens. METHODS: Normal skin tissue sections were stained in 4 different ways (unstained, hematoxylin only, eosin only, H&E) and observed under a fluorescence microscope using a FITC filter set. Fluorescent findings of 30 H&E-stained specimens showing abnormal dermal findings were compared with bright field findings of Miller's elastic stained specimen. RESULTS: Strong eosin fluorescence was related to the differential binding property of eosin with elastic fibers. Hematoxylin stain quenched excessive eosin fluorescence from other tissue components and contributed to better contrast. Fluorescence microscopy of H&E-stained sections was found to be especially useful in observing mature elastic fibers in the reticular dermis. In 74% of the specimens, eosin fluorescence findings of elastic fibers in reticular dermis matched well with that of specimens with elastic fiber special stain. CONCLUSION: Analysis of skin elastic fibers by fluorescence microscopy is a useful and complementary method to reveal hidden elastic fibers in H&E-stained specimens.
Collagen ; Dermis ; Elastic Tissue ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Fluorescence ; Hematoxylin ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Skin

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the spectral output of single and dual-peak light emitting diode (LED) curing lights on the microhardness and color stability of commercial resin composites formulated with camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three light-polymerized resin composites (Z100 (3M ESPE), Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Aelite LS Posterior (Bisco)) with different photoinitiator systems were used. The resin composites were packed into a Teflon mold (8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) on a cover glass. After packing the composites, they were light cured with single-peak and dual-peak LEDs. The Knoop microhardness (KHN) and color difference (DeltaE) for 30 days were measured. The data was analyzed statistically using a student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All resin composites showed improved microhardness when a third-generation dual-peak LED light was used. The color stability was also higher for all resin composites with dual-peak LEDs. However, there was a significant difference only for Aelite LS Posterior. CONCLUSIONS: The dual-peak LEDs have a beneficial effect on the microhardness and color stability of resin composites formulated with a combination of camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators.
Camphor ; Composite Resins ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Fungi ; Glass ; Light ; Polytetrafluoroethylene