Liver transplantation, hepatocyte transplantation, and bioartificial liver are means of treating end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. However, insufficient liver resources and immune rejection after transplantation, as well as a shortage of liver tissue or cell donors, are challenges faced in clinical treatment. The research progress of liver organoid technology in recent years may provide new ways to solve the above problems. Organoids are a kind of three-dimensional cell condensates formed by the self-organization of pluripotent or adult stem cells through three-dimensional culture in vitro, which can imitate the spatial structure and physiological function characteristics of the original organs, can be sub-cultured in vitro, replicated on a large scale, and have the ability of self-renewal. The emergence of organoid technology has brought new hope for providing mechanism exploration models and resolution of hepatocyte resources. In particular, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids do not involve ethical concerns, and are combined with emerging technologies such as gene editing and organ chips, thereby overcoming the constraint of traditional disease research models and establishing a new platform for translational medicine. Additionally, it has expansive application prospects in building disease models, screening drugs, precision medicine, regenerative medicine, and organ transplantation. Thus, this paper summarizes the technical principles, preclinical research, and application progress and challenges of liver organoid technology.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy of ATP bioluminescence technology versus traditional microbiology detection method in assessing flexible endoscope cleaning and disinfection.Methods:Eight Chinese and English databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP Chinese Medical Journal Database and China Biology Medicine disc, were searched from inception to October 1, 2023. Comparative studies on evaluating post-reprocessing endoscope quality using both methods were included. Positive sample numbers and positive rates were taken as the main effect indicators, and the fixed effect model was used to conduct a meta-analysis of the included literature.Results:A total of 14 Chinese and English articles were included, involving 4 569 samples (gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes and fiberbronchoscopes). The pooled analysis demonstrated low heterogeneity across studies ( I2=23%), with a combined odds ratio ( OR) of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.27-1.94). It indicated a statistically significant difference in positive detection rates between the two methods ( P<0.001). However, funnel plot analysis suggested potential publication bias. Conclusion:ATP bioluminescence correlates with microbiological methods for monitoring endoscope reprocessing. While ATP offers rapid assessment advantages, its consistently higher positive rates preclude replacement of conventional microbiological verification for terminal disinfection.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data on chronic diarrhea in the Chinese population are lacking, and the association between obesity and chronic diarrhea in East Asian populations remains inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronic diarrhea and its association with obesity in a representative community-dwelling Chinese population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on a multistage, randomized cluster sampling involving 3503 residents aged 20-69 years from representative urban and rural communities in Beijing. Chronic diarrhea was assessed using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and obesity was determined based on body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the relationship between obesity and chronic diarrhea. RESULTS: The standardized prevalence of chronic diarrhea in the study population was 12.88%. The average BMI was 24.67 kg/m 2 . Of all the participants, 35.17% (1232/3503) of participants were classified as overweight and 16.13% (565/3503) as obese. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals with obesity had an increased risk of chronic diarrhea as compared to normal weight individuals (odds ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-2.06). A nonlinear association between BMI and the risk of chronic diarrhea was observed in community residents of males and the overall participant group ( P  = 0.026 and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study presents initial findings on the prevalence of chronic diarrhea among residents of Chinese communities while offering substantiated evidence regarding the significant association between obesity and chronic diarrhea. These findings offer a novel perspective on gastrointestinal health management.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diarrhea/epidemiology* ; Obesity/complications* ; Prevalence ; East Asian People/statistics & numerical data*

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of peroral super minimally invasive incision for esophageal diverticulum.Methods:The clinical data of patients with esophageal diverticulum who underwent super minimally invasive surgery (SMIS) at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from April 2022 to September 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. These data include clinical baseline data, endoscopic surgical parameters, preoperative and postoperative Eckardt scores, surgical costs, and the duration of hospitalization.Results:Thirteen patients successfully completed submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division (STESD) surgery without any postoperative adverse events. The duration of operation was (37.00 ± 5.82) min, the application time of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was 4 (4, 4) d, the application time of antibiotics was 3 (2, 4) d, the surgical cost was 22 580 (27 044, 34 255) yuan, and the hospital stay was 12 (10, 22) d. The Eckardt scores before and after the operation were 3 (2, 4) scores and 1 (0, 1) score respectively, the Eckardt score after the operation decreased significantly compared with that before the operation.Conclusions:STESD is a safety and efficient operation for the treatment of esophageal diverticulitis. It has the advantages of short term curative effect and obvious improvement of the patient′s symptoms.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Background/Aims: Obesity is associated with several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and has been identified as a potential risk factor for various GI symptoms. Bowel frequency is an important indicator of bowel function. However, the causal link between obesity and gastrointestinal motility remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the causal effect of overall and central obesity on stool frequency. Methods: Four obesity-related anthropometric indicators–body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), and waist-tohip ratio (WHR)–were investigated. Individual-level baseline information from the UK Biobank was used to explore observational associations between obesity and stool frequency. Additionally, summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies were subjected to two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine causal associations. Results: For all 4 indicators of obesity, higher levels of obesity were associated with more frequent bowel movements after adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary factors. After rigorous screening, 482 body mass index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 body fat percentage SNPs, 48 WC SNPs, and 287 WHR SNPs were identified as instrument variables for MR analysis. The MR results were generally consistent with observational findings, proving that the associations observed in the overall obesity indicators were causal. For central obesity, the association between WHR and stool frequency remained consistent in both analysis phases, whereas WC showed a multidirectional association. Conclusions Obesity-related anthropometric indicators were causally associated with increased stool frequency in the overall and central obesity groups. Weight loss could be a potential approach to improve gastrointestinal regularity in individuals with obesity.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of peroral super minimally invasive incision for esophageal diverticulum.Methods:The clinical data of patients with esophageal diverticulum who underwent super minimally invasive surgery (SMIS) at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from April 2022 to September 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. These data include clinical baseline data, endoscopic surgical parameters, preoperative and postoperative Eckardt scores, surgical costs, and the duration of hospitalization.Results:Thirteen patients successfully completed submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division (STESD) surgery without any postoperative adverse events. The duration of operation was (37.00 ± 5.82) min, the application time of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was 4 (4, 4) d, the application time of antibiotics was 3 (2, 4) d, the surgical cost was 22 580 (27 044, 34 255) yuan, and the hospital stay was 12 (10, 22) d. The Eckardt scores before and after the operation were 3 (2, 4) scores and 1 (0, 1) score respectively, the Eckardt score after the operation decreased significantly compared with that before the operation.Conclusions:STESD is a safety and efficient operation for the treatment of esophageal diverticulitis. It has the advantages of short term curative effect and obvious improvement of the patient′s symptoms.

Liver transplantation, hepatocyte transplantation, and bioartificial liver are means of treating end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. However, insufficient liver resources and immune rejection after transplantation, as well as a shortage of liver tissue or cell donors, are challenges faced in clinical treatment. The research progress of liver organoid technology in recent years may provide new ways to solve the above problems. Organoids are a kind of three-dimensional cell condensates formed by the self-organization of pluripotent or adult stem cells through three-dimensional culture in vitro, which can imitate the spatial structure and physiological function characteristics of the original organs, can be sub-cultured in vitro, replicated on a large scale, and have the ability of self-renewal. The emergence of organoid technology has brought new hope for providing mechanism exploration models and resolution of hepatocyte resources. In particular, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids do not involve ethical concerns, and are combined with emerging technologies such as gene editing and organ chips, thereby overcoming the constraint of traditional disease research models and establishing a new platform for translational medicine. Additionally, it has expansive application prospects in building disease models, screening drugs, precision medicine, regenerative medicine, and organ transplantation. Thus, this paper summarizes the technical principles, preclinical research, and application progress and challenges of liver organoid technology.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy of ATP bioluminescence technology versus traditional microbiology detection method in assessing flexible endoscope cleaning and disinfection.Methods:Eight Chinese and English databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP Chinese Medical Journal Database and China Biology Medicine disc, were searched from inception to October 1, 2023. Comparative studies on evaluating post-reprocessing endoscope quality using both methods were included. Positive sample numbers and positive rates were taken as the main effect indicators, and the fixed effect model was used to conduct a meta-analysis of the included literature.Results:A total of 14 Chinese and English articles were included, involving 4 569 samples (gastroscopes, colonoscopes, duodenoscopes and fiberbronchoscopes). The pooled analysis demonstrated low heterogeneity across studies ( I2=23%), with a combined odds ratio ( OR) of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.27-1.94). It indicated a statistically significant difference in positive detection rates between the two methods ( P<0.001). However, funnel plot analysis suggested potential publication bias. Conclusion:ATP bioluminescence correlates with microbiological methods for monitoring endoscope reprocessing. While ATP offers rapid assessment advantages, its consistently higher positive rates preclude replacement of conventional microbiological verification for terminal disinfection.