Background: Gliomas are common primary brain tumors of glial origin in adults with a poor prognosis. Tumor-related inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) water channel protein have been reported to be expressed in gliomas Aim: This study aimed to determine their serum levels in patients with primary brain tumors compared to healthy controls and to evaluate their potential diagnostic value. Materials and Methods: Serum AQP-4 levels were measured by ELISA in 28 patients with primary brain tumors (PBT) and 26 healthy controls. IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed by flow cytometry in 59 PBT patients and 52 controls. Results: Among the primary brain tumor cases, 45.61% were meningiomas, 26.32% anaplastic astrocytomas, 8.77% glioblastomas, and 12.28% other tumors (including chondroma, ependymoma, schwannoma, craniopharyngioma). Serum IL-6, TNF-α, and AQP-4 levels were significantly higher in the PBT group compared with healthy controls. Conclusion Elevated serum levels of AQP-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients with primary brain tumors suggest that these biomarkers molecules could represent valuable non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection of PBT.

Background: Lead is known for their neurotoxicity and compared to adults, children are more vulnerable to lead exposure. Varieties of diseases are developed by lead induced damage in children, including decreased intelligent quotient and behavioral changes, such as anxiety. In normal condition lead does not exist in children’s blood and this toxic heavy metal enters into human body through respiratory way and accumulates in blood and bone to harm neurodegenerative and urinary systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the emitted lead from recycling factory for lead acid batteries, which is located in 9 km distance from Khonkhor town and 39 km faraway from Ulaanbaatar city with north-east direction, is affecting the intelligence of the local children. Methods: There are 13 children involved in this study and the participants are divided into two groups, including subjects, who live in areas outside (n=10) and within (n=3) the 1000 m region of the factory zone. The blood sampling was collected according to WHO guidelines and lead level in blood was determined by Leadcare instruments at Environmental health and toxicological laboratory of National Center for Public Health. The intelligence analysis was conducted by Raven’s progressive matrices test. And the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21 software to assess correlation of blood lead levels and the intelligence among participated children. Results: It is resulted that average lead level for children’s blood samples is 3.1±1.5 ug/dL and which is found beyond the acceptable range in WHO guidelines. The children’s intelligence was assessed by Raven’s colored Progressive Matrices analysis, which is practically accepted in China, which estimated that average intelligence score of participants were 48.3±13.2. According to correlation analysis of age, sex, intelligence and blood lead level, there was a weak positive correlation was found between children’s age and lead level in blood. In contrast, a weak reverse correlation was observed in regarding with sex and blood lead level and intelligence score was weakly reverse correlated with the lead level in children’s blood samples. Conclusions The determined average lead level was 3.1±1.5 ug/dL for blood samples collected from 13 children who involved in this study and the value is found under the WHO guidance value. Furthermore, their average intelligence score was estimated as 48.3±13.2. The comparative analysis shown that intelligence score of 3 children, who lives within 1000 m region of the recycling factory was lower than those who lives in outside region of the factory and have same age.

The result of using the calretinin and BCL-2 markers for diagnosing hirschsprung disease Background: Hirshsprung disease is a congenital malformation by the absence of parasympathetic intramural ganglion cells of submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the rectum and varying lengths of bowel proximal to the rectum,resulting in a functional obstruction. Hirshsprung disease occurs in approximately 1 per 5000 live births. Rectal biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis.Despite the importance of using hematoxilin eosin in the diagnosis of HD, detection of ganglion cells in basic stain section can be a difficult process for the pathologist.The relatively undifferentiated and non neuronal appearance of immature ganglion cells that exist in the sub-mucosa of neonates and infants is frequently cited as a difficulty associated with hematoxilin eosin based diagnosis of HD. According, immunohistochemical and histochemical stain are used to confirm the diagnosis of HD by pathologists.2 years ago we start to use Calretinin and Bcl-2 markers for HD diagnosis at National Center for pathology in Mongolia. We don’t have research which compared hematoxylin eosin and IHC markers. Materials and methods:The study conducted using a cross-sectional model of analytical research. The Department of Pediatric Pathology of the National Center for Pathology conducts studies of rectal biopsies of 54 children who clinically suspected of Hirschsprung's disease between January 2018 and December 2019. The tissue samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical Bcl-2, calretinin markers, and the detect of nerve cells compared with the sensitivity and specificity of the test and the compatibility of the diagnosis. Results:In terms of age, 42.6% (n = 23) of infants aged 0–28 days, 38.9% (n = 21) of infants aged 29–365 days, 1.9% (n = 1) of 2 months to 2 years of age, and 7% of aged 3–5 years (n = 13), 6–12 years of age accounted for 3.6% (n = 2). 80.1% of the total surveyed children are infants and lactating children or under 1 year old. In a total of 54 children in the study, absence of ganglion cell was detected in 63% (n = 34) of hematoxylin eosin, 44.4% of calretinin markers (n = 24), and 40.7% of Bcl-2 markers (n = 22). Nerve cells were diagnosed with hematoxylin eosin staining in 37%, calretinin markers in 55.6%, and Bcl-2 markers in 59.0%. Sensitivity was determined as 91.7%, specificity as 60.0%, positive prediction rate as 64.7, negative prediction rate as 90.0, and diagnostic agreement compliance (Kappa = 0.500), (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed 44.7%(n-24) in rectal tissue samples. According to the result of the study, calretinin showed the highest reactivity to ganglion cells and proved to be the most specific and sensitive marker for diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease.

In United States, person is diagnosed with blood cancer in every 3 minutes. In 2015, there were 1.665.540 total cancer cases and 9.4% of them lymphoma and leukemia . In 2015, there were 95 cases of lymphoma in Mongolia when compared 4 times increase to 2015 from 2010 . Bone marrow examination is an established diagnostic modality in the evaluation of various hematological disorders. BM examination can serve to establish or confirm a primary diagnosis of lymphoma or to determine the extent of disease dissemination for staging purposes. Biopsy is essential for diagnosis in a dry tap or blood tap which occurs when the marrow is fibrotic or densely cellular. Only a biopsy allows a complete assessment of marrow architecture and pattern of distribution of any abnormal infiltrates. In 2015.01-2016.01 fifty five bone marrow biopsies were retrieved from the files of the National First Clinical Hospital-Department of Hematology. These all statistical analysis was performed using by SPSS 17. Bone marrow processing and staining: The hematologist is instructed to place the freshly obtained BMTB specimens directly into buffer substance fixative and transport it immediately to the histopathology department, on the same day as the procedure.The next morning (after 20–24 h), the solution is decanted (with a strainer) and the biopsy specimen is washed in distilled water for 30 min. The biopsy specimens are left to decalcify for about 6 h before being processed and embedded in paraffin wax, with procedures similar as for other specimens.Sections, 1-mm thick (microtome set for 1 mm sections), are cut from the paraffin-wax blocks with the routine rotary microtomes in the laboratoryA total of 55 cases were reviewed from December 2014 to November 2015. The age of the subjects ranged from twenty two years to seventy eigth years with a male predominance (1.7:1). Data of 55 trephine biopsies were reviewed. The percentage of trephine biopsies in different length ranges was calculated. Twenty two biopsieswere of recommended length, i.e., ≥1.5 Cm while remaining 33 were less than the recommended length. The rate of positivity for diagnosis was 95.4% in group-1, 94.1% in group-2, 63.6% in group-3 and 40% in group-4 In all cases in our study 73% (n=40) were satisfactory and 27%(n=15) unsatisfactory slides .Our study showed that 40% trephan biopsies were of revommended length i.e >=1.5cm with 95.4% positive of diagnosis. However biopsies measuring 1-1.4 cm also had comparable result 94.1% .

The Western Pacific Region have the highest neonatal mortality rate of any country in the world. It has 37 countries and areas with approximately 1.8 billion people which comprises one-fourth of the total world population. The First Embrace It is care for all mothers and newborn infants. The components of the First Embrace are immediate and thorough dying, appropriately timed clamping and cutting of the cord, skin to skin contact and initiating exclusive breastfeeding for all newborns. Aim: First embrace and Early Essential Neonatal Care the importance of infant seeks to to learn some of the problems faced by identifying the skills of medical personnel. We were conducted in this study by a cross sectional questionnaire in order to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare providers about essential newborn care and administrated a structured questionnaire to evaluate instruments and materials of the maternity wards.Skin to skin contact and a mother first embrace is the beginning of a healthy life is to reduce the newborn mortality. And the first embrace is improves the children’s immunity. We determined urgent problems for EENC including a lack of maternal health education, inadequate salaries for health care providers, a lack of essential medicines and commodities for birth preparation and numbers of health care providers delivering neonatal intensive care are increased due to the stillbirth rate has increased dramatically year by year.The first embrace is important to reduce neonatal mortality rate and 92.0% of all participants have the enough experiences for the first embrace care and 80.3% of all participants for the EENC.

GoalTo evaluate the quality, results, and processing of cytology analyses of early detection program ofuterine cervical cancer implemented in Mongolia, which based on Pap test, at Ulaanbaatar city level.Materials and MethodsInformation was collected from the databases of the recalling system of screening program of theCancer registration and information unit of the NCC of Mongolia and districts pathology laboratoreis.Statistical significant level of 1.96 (95% CI) andthe margins of error 0.05 were considered andsample size was calculated by using the information that 10% of unsatisfied results appear onquality assurance of international level. Thus calculations were madefortotal of 1723 (585 positiveand negative 1138) samples, by collecting 287smears from each district.At the district level all the selected slides were reviewed blindly and compared to the previouscytological conclusion. Diagnostic validity was defined by calculating parameters such as specificityand sensitivity, positive and negative predicted values. The Kappa index criteriais used for statisticalcalculation of the cytological diagnosis conclusion matches.ResultsThe target group women coverage of cervical cancer screening program is 40.8%. Out of all positiveresults of early screening cytology, 77% were at an early stage and 23% were at an advanced stage.Thus positive signs were showed with increased detection results in early stage of uterine cervicalcancer (P = 0.05). Positive results of Pap test were follows; ASCUS (53.2%), ASC-H (10.0%), LSIL(19.2%), HSIL (13.4%), CIS (3.4%), and SCC (0, 8%). Out of total slides, 86.7% were as satisfactory.The test results conducted at the district level were90.1% of sensitivity, 88.8% of specificity and9.9% of false negative response. The discrepancy of results of cytology test in districts and repeatedseen is 31.4% (K = 0.749; p = 0.001).ConclusionThe coverage of cervical cancer screening program that has been implementing in our country isnot enough. There are problems at the district level including severe damages of uterine cervix andincomplete diagnosis. The quality of the cytology test is relatively unsatisfied.