Background: The relationship between alcohol consumption and sleep disorders is a complex issue. Although alcohol has a sedative effect in small doses, this effect diminishes when alcohol consumption exceeds an average of 7 grams per hour. Aim: To assess the sleep quality of individuals dependent on alcohol. Materials and Methods: A quantitative study was conducted using a survey-based research design. A total of 120 men participated in the study, including 60 alcohol-dependent individuals and 60 in the control group without alcohol dependence. The study utilized demographic questionnaires, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to determine the level of alcohol dependence. Results: The average age of alcohol-dependent participants was 45.3±42.4 years, while the control group had an average age of 42.4±5.1 years. The AUDIT score for the alcohol-dependent group was 25.6±9.8, indicating a high level of dependence, whereas the control group scored 7.2±3.2, suggesting low consumption levels. This difference was statistically significant (t=3.98, p=0.001). In the alcohol-dependent group, sleep latency was prolonged (p=0.042), sleep efficiency scores were lower (p=0.012), and sleep disturbances were more frequent (p=0.039) compared to the control group. The overall PSQI score was 9.82±2.8 for the alcohol-dependent group, whereas it was 4.1±1.2 for the control group. A correlation analysis revealed that poor subjective sleep quality (p=0.023), sleep latency of more than 30 minutes (p=0.012), sleep efficiency below 75% (p=0.021), and sleep disturbances (p=0.019) were significantly associated with higher AUDIT scores. Conclusion Alcohol dependence negatively affects sleep quality, particularly in terms of subjective sleep perception, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency, leading to sleep disorders.

Background: Nurses spend the most time with patients when providing medical care, making them a crucial factor in ensuring appropriate and effective treatment. Their assessment skills play a vital role in pain management. Aim: This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Mongolian version of the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted using the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) questionnaire. A total of 145 nurses from the surgical, emergency, and intensive care units of the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center (NTORC), the National Cancer Center of Mongolia (NCCM), and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health (NCMCH) participated in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-25 software. Results: The study included 115 female and 30 male nurses, with an average age of 37.21±7.50 years and an average work experience of 13.43±7.57 years. The face validity index (FVI) for each item ranged from 0.81 to 1.00. The content validity index (CVI) for each item ranged from 0.66 to 1.00. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which was found to be 0.88. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the KASRP demonstrates satisfactory face validity, content validity, and reliability, making it suitable for practical application.

Background: Saponins are secondary metabolites in plants that play an important role in defense mechanisms and physiological processes. Since stomatal cells are crucial for gas exchange and water balance in plant tissues, studying the anatomical and biochemical features of stomatal cells in saponin-rich plant species provides insight into the interactions between these compounds and cellular mechanisms. This serves as the basis of our study. Aim: To determine the structure, types, and functions of stomatal cells in saponin-containing medicinal plants Materials and Methods: During June–September 2024, nine species of saponin-containing medicinal plants were collected from Bulgan, Tuv provinces, and “Gorkhi-Terelj National Park” in Mongolia. Prepared microscopic specimens were examined using macroscopic and microscopic techniques to study the structure, position, number, and epidermal features of stomatal cells. Results: The study revealed that Anemone crinita Juz. exhibited the highest stomatal density (107 stomata/mm²) and epidermal cell density (229 cells/mm²), indicating strong adaptation and protective capacity in arid conditions. Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B. Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index (39.6), highlighting its significant role in regulating transpiration. Stomatal types varied among species: • Anomocytic stomata were observed in Potentilla multifida and Vicia baicalensis. • Anisocytic stomata were found in Delphinium grandiflorum and Ranunculus borealis. • Paracytic stomata were present in Gentiana algida, Adenophora remotiflora, Helianthemum nummularium, Anemone crinita, and Ranunculus acris. Conclution In the study of the structure, form, and number of stomatal cells in saponin-containing plants growing in Mongolia, Anemone crinita Juz. was found to have the highest number of stomatal and epidermal cells, indicating its high efficiency in gas exchange, water regulation, and protection against external stress. Furthermore, Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B.Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index, confirming its strong capacity for active regulation of gas exchange. The variation in stomatal cell types among plant species was identified as playing an important role in ecological and biological adaptation as well as protective mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: There are two general types of age-related macular degeneration: dry and wet. During wet or neovascular age-related macular degeneration new abnormal vessels grow and leak in the macula. As anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) was invented, it revolutionized the treatment of nAMD by inhibiting the progress of this disease. The incidence of AMD increases as life expectancy grows and there is a growing need to study this disease. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of anti-VEGF therapy for the treatment of nAMD and the incidence of ocular serious adverse events (SAE) after injections.. METHODS: In our retrospective, single-center study, medical records of patients receiving a single dose of anti-VEGF treatment (Bevacizumab) for nAMD between 17th of April, 2016 and October, 2017 were evaluated. Outcome measures were the change in the baseline visual acuity (VA) score at post-injective month one, incidence of ocular SAE and patients’ baseline characteristics affecting VA. Patients, whose treatment were started before April 2016 and had anti-VEGF treatment for the diseases other than nAMD, were excluded.. RESULTS: 15 eyes in 15 patients between 52 and 85 years of age received single dose of anti-VEGF (Bevacizumab/Avastin) injection. The mean baseline VA improved from pre-injective average of 0.21 to post-injective 1-month average of 0.37 by Snellen. Furthermore, there was no vision loss or other severe adverse effects, such as endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, traumatic cataract after 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has promising short-term outcomes on treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Background. Nowadays more attention is paid to the study of blood supply of the brain in during headache with various causes. Blood supply of the branch is supplied by 2 pairs of carotis and vertebral artery and 2/3 of it in the carotis and 1/3 of it by the vertebral artery. (Farekas et al., 1963) disease with various causes of the vertebral artery in the external part of the cranium or abnormal system have been studied from ancient un the external part of the cranium, lengthening, aplasia and hypoplasia, change of neck vertebra disk affect to dynamic change of back artery blood supply. By scholar maisel fold of vertebral artery is 40%. Stenoses-18%, hypoplasia-10% vertebral artery through c 3-c5 vertebra occurred 12-20%., abnormal system of vertebral artery and location occur more than carotis artery and it has more dependence on external part of the cranium. Study of disease of vertebral artery in the external part of the cranium by the method of angiography hasnt been done in our country. Aim of research work: We aimed at diagnosing disease of vertebral artery in the external part by the method of angiography and studying its form, case, age and sex dependence. Conclusion: 1. Change of vertebral artery revealed 62.3% 2. Fold of vertebral artery in the 6th level 42% in v2, 3 level -9% revealed. 3. Vertebral artery is congenitally narrow (aplasia, hypoplasia)12%., through v3-5, vertebra-13%. 4. 58% of the people with vertebral artery disease occupy females.

Background. In the process of infarction, important mechanism of blood supply deficiency is collateral blood supply. There are a lot of various collaterals which are able to supply in the period of necessity of human brain. Collateral which forms in the level of villas circle (ring) in the cranium is the most important front and back artery cord of brain form villas circle (ligament) as a result of these arteries possibility of forming collateral blood supply in the period of blood insufficiency in vertebral and carotis and between magisterial artery of 2 sides of brain opens. It is rare when the system of villas circle (ring) is complete (full), artery cord is narrow (hypoplasia, aplasia) or none, villas circle(ring) loses its complete and it becomes open on the front and at the back part. By the researchers study hypoplasia of artery cord occurs in 20-40% because it branches off from other artery. By Yu.M. Nixitins study vertebral artery of the brain branches off the form the artery into carotis and it open at back part-was 25%, study of system of villas circle (ring) by angiography hasnt been done. Aim. We aimed at the diagnosing villas circle system by angiographic method and studying its incompleteness, form cause, age and sex dependence. Materials and Methods. We studied material of 595 patients who were done angiography of the brain because of acute and chronic deficiency of blood supply of the brain in 2007-2008 at the third clinical hospital by P.N.Shastin in the cabinet of angiography came from clinic, district and Achtan Elit hospital. We clarified magisterial arteries and villas circles in the cranium by the standard method in 2 sides used polydiagnostic 2 digital subtraction equipment of Philips form of Japan. We evaluated artery system, location, form and size and studied age and sex dependence.75% of verographer solution not more than 80-100ml was injected into the artery. Conclusion: 1. Incompleteness of circle revealed in 31.7 % 2. Open case of villas circle in the front part was in 41.5 % 3. Open case of villas circle at the back revealed in 58.4% 4. Studying villas circle, evaluating collateral blood supply is necessary to blood supply deficiency in particular to define blood deficiency insult.

Background. Disease of vertebralis and insufficiency of blood supply occur not a few, it decreases lab our ability much, complaints such as: headache, to feel giddy, to blur eyes, fatigue heartache, neck becomes stiff and unbalance reveal. By some researches study 25-30% of blood supply insufficiency of cranium occupies artery disease 65% of vertebral artery insufficiency occupies disease of external part of cranium we have introduced duplex sonography method by using medison Pico-ACE apparatus since 2006 and it gave possibility of revealing artery disease of external cranium. The most causes of artery disease occupy congenital and acquired deficiency such as: aplasia, hypoplasia and vertebra skin. Revealing and diagnosing these disease early is the confronted problem of society and health and it attracts attention of doctors and specialists of angioneurological branch. Aim of research work: We aimed at the study of diagnosing disease of artery of vertebral of external part of cranium by the method of duplex-sonography and studying dependence of type, size, form, case, age and sex. Materials and Methods. We did the study on 100 people who was done duplexsonographic diagnose because of blood supply insufficiency of cranium in the centre of diagnose of private structure Best Ema. We did analyse of DSG by using MedisonPicoACE apparatus by the stand and method, divided them into 6 groups in 10 age and studied type, size, location speed of stream, age and sex. Conclusion: 1. By duplex-sonography, in 18% hypoplasia of vertebral artery revealed, in 88.8% of it hemo-dynastic change revealed. 2. In 24% of patients involved in the study artery fold revealed, in 62.5 hemo-dynastic change revealed. 3. The main method of analyze which reveals location, size and dynamic and diagnosis vertebral artery of external part of cranium is DSG.