Background: As of 2024, approximately 39 million people worldwide are living with HIV, and approximately 1.3 million new infections are registered annually. In terms of human resources, there is an insufficient supply of doctors and specialists specializing in infectious diseases, and in some regions the workload per doctor is 1.5–2 times higher than the national average. Aim: To assess the current status of the structure and accessibility of human resources for STD, HIV, and AIDS care and services. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The “SARA-Service Availability and Readiness” standard questionnaire developed by WHO was used to assess the availability, type, location, and accessibility of STD, HIV, and AIDS care and services. The results of the study were processed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The current status of human resources providing STD, HIV, and AIDS care and services nationwide. A total of 56 STD, HIV, and AIDS doctors, 37 nurses, 10 junior doctors, 3 counselors, 16 senior laboratory doctors, and 33 laboratory technicians are working. The doctor-nurse ratio is 1:0.66. The average number of doctors and nurses working in the field of STDs, HIV, and AIDS is 0.21 per 10,000 population. The average number of doctors, junior doctors, and nurses providing STDs, HIV, and AIDS care and services per 10,000 population is 0.20. Provinces with a number of doctors, junior doctors, and nurses providing STDs, HIV, and AIDS care and services per 10,000 population is less than 0.10, which are provinces that do not have a qualified senior doctor or no doctor at all, that have a doctor but are not qualified but work alongside other doctors, and that do not have junior doctors or nurses. Six out of 21 provinces, or 29 percent, fall into the category of less than 0.10. The national STD, HIV, and AIDS care and services access index is 54.8. Conclusion When calculating the index of access to STD, HIV, and AIDS care and services based on indicators such as human resource adequacy and availability of clinics, access to care and services is poor.

Background: The annual incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism is reported to be 39–115 cases per 100,000 population, with rates of 60–120/100,000 in Western countries and 10–20/100,000 in Asian countries. In Mongolia, few studies revealed the prevalence of risk factors and clinical manifestations of acute pulmonary embolism. Over the past 30 years, the incidence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases, which are mainly triggered by lifestyle and social parameters, has rose. Moreover, environmental conditions such as cold climate, hypoxia, and blood hyperviscosit may contribute to higher incidences of acute pulmonary embolism in high-altitude regions. This condition is potentially fatal and can become impair quality of life. Aim: We aimed to compare risk factors and clinical characteristics based on age and sex, and to evaluate laboratory findings and diagnostic tests among Mongolian patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. Materials and Methods: This retrospective research included total 232 patients meeting inclusion criteria. The information was collected from patient histories, including general demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, symptoms, and physical examination findings. Laboratory analyses included complete blood count, coagulation profile, and immunological markers (D-dimer, NT-proBNP, troponin, protein C, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein), as well as selected imaging parameters. We used Wells and Geneva scoring systems to assess probability of acute pulmonary embolism and Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index to determine disease severity. Differences by age and sex were analyzed using independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: Among participants with acute pulmonary embolism, the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use was significantly higher among males (p<0.001). Among comorbidities, arterial hypertension and other pulmonary diseases were more common in males, whereas cardiac diseases were more frequent in females (p=0.028). Participants aged 65 years and older showed higher rates of comorbid conditions and regular medication use (p<0.001). The most common symptoms were dyspnea (90.9%), chest pain (74.2%), cough (70.5%), leg pain (38.9%), hemoptysis (20.7%), and cyanosis (9.3%). According to sPESI scoring, 69.8% (n=162) were at high risk of death within 30 days, with no significant difference by sex. However, mortality risk within 30 days was significantly higher in participants aged 65 years and above (p<0.001). As increasing age, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio were elevated, indicating an acute inflammatory response (p=0.001). Contrast-enhanced CT scans revealed that 95 participants (44.2%) had main pulmonary artery involvement, with no significant sex difference, though involvement of the main pulmonary artery was more frequent in those aged 65 and older. Conclusion Dyspnea, chest pain, and cough were the most common symptoms among patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism. The 30-day mortality risk associated with it was higher among males and increased with advancing age.

In our country for developing these services closer to the population, providing home care and treatment can be conducted in order to get the patient’s health care refer to the family and sum based health centers should be carried out. At the family and sum hospitals are working graduators of medical university, who assisting health care of Community based rehabilitation. In those cases adoctor have a role to give health care services, and to mediate between disabled people and other health care services as physical therapy, speech therapy, prosthesis and orthotics care, disability surgery and other professional cares. Therefore, there is needs to determine training needs of Community based rehabilitation and to accommodate with study curriculum.To evaluate the curriculum content, retrospective databases and descriptive research method were used and research data was collected by previous data analysis, interview and surveillance.In the result, contents of the “Community based rehabilitation” curriculum in different medicaluniversities are generally the same. But the curriculum was more attached to the disease and its drug medications rather than reflecting to proper guidance and advice for patients and main idea of “Community based rehabilitation”. Availability of specific textbooks and handbooks is limited, hence the trainings are held using international declaration, annual report or guidelines. Also the specialists who teach the subject were inadequate. Relating the due subjects, teaching methods were various, such as problem solving and small group discussion, case study etc., and students were evaluated bytest, case solving, essay writing and for School of Medicine, MNUMS they use OSCE. In conclusion, content of the “Community based rehabilitation” curriculum in undergraduate medical education is not adequate, indefinite, and discordant and there is lack of specialized teachers. Additionally, the curriculum content was not applied to the WHO guidance. Therefore we developed“Community based rehabilitation” curriculum in each medical disciplines, available to be used in undergraduate medical education in further.