Background: By supporting the production of domestic substitutes for essential medicines listed in Mongolia’s national drug policy, pharmaceutical companies are enabled to ensure product quality assurance, conduct safety monitoring and research, and carry out quality control and certification of medicines. Therefore, ongoing quality assessment is essential to ensure that domestically manufactured medicines meet established standards before they can replace imported alternatives. This study seeks to assess whether the quality parameters of both locally produced and imported 500 mg Chloramphenicol capsules available in the Mongolian pharmaceutical market conform to the requirements of the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia. Aim: To compare and study the quality parameters of certain domestically manufactured and imported chloramphenicol capsule formulations in accordance with pharmacopoeial standards Materials and Methods: This study examined four types of 0.5 g Chloramphenicol capsules: three domestically produced (X1, X2, X4) and one imported (X3). The evaluation included tests for identification, average weight, weight variation, dissolution, disintegration, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), assay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and microbiological analysis, following the standards outlined in the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia 2011 (MNP 2011), United States Pharmacopeia 39 (USP 39), Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18 (JP 18), and Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (ChP 2020). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0. Result: The purity analysis of samples X1, X2, X3, and X4 indicated that all met the applicable standards. Among them, X1 and X3 complied with pharmacopoeial requirements for identification, weight variation, dissolution, active ingredient assay, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In contrast, X4 failed the identification test and had a low active ingredient content, while both X2 and X4 exhibited inadequate dissolution, suggesting non-compliance with standard requirements. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis based on USP criteria revealed that neither X1 nor X3 met the specified limits. Conclusion Among the four Chloramphenicol capsule samples analyzed, only X1 and X3 met the pharmacopoeial standards. The non-compliance of X2 and X4 underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and quality assessment of domestically manufactured pharmaceuticals.

Background: Type I hypersensitivity, commonly known as an allergic reaction, is characterised by an IgE-mediated immune response triggered when foreign proteins enter the body. During allergic reactions, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, secreted by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, play a crucial role in activating immune effector cells like eosinophils and mast cells, which contribute significantly to airway inflammation and obstruction. Conversely, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), produced by Th1 cells, suppresses Th2-mediated responses and plays an essential role in regulating allergic inflammation. Therefore, determining the balance of cytokines produced by Th1 and Th2 cells is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic responses. Aim: We aimed to induce an allergic response in experimental animals using ovalbumin and to determine the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: A total of 20 female C57BL/6 mice aged 6–8 weeks were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental groups. The concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in mouse serum were determined using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: Compared to the control group, the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in the serum of allergic model-induced C57BL/6 mice were determined to be 513.7 pg/mL and 193.2 pg/mL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in IL-4 cytokine levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion In the allergic model group, serum levels of IL-4 cytokine were elevated, while IFN-γ cytokine levels were decreased, suggesting a predominant Th2-type immune response.

Background: Dysregulation of inflammation underpins chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic conditions. Traditional medicine has long utilized medicinal plants to alleviate and treat systemic inflammation. Specifically, Rhodiola rosea L. and Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. possess anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic properties. Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects, support musculoskeletal function, and enhance tissue regeneration. Furthermore, Salsola laricifolia Litv. has been studied for its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Although the individual anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of these plants are established, research evaluating the combined effect of their combined extract remains scarce, providing the rationale for this study. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro effects of a combined extract derived from these medicinal plants on the expression of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines. Materials and Methods: A dry combined extract consisting of Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola quadrifida, Salsola laricifolia, and Saposhnikovia divaricata was prepared at the Chemistry and Technology Sector of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Monos Group. An in vitro inflammation model was established using murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL). Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, while the output of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 was measured via Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Result: The combined plant extract demonstrated no cytotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells across the tested concentration range. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, the composite extract dose-dependently and significantly suppressed the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p<0.0001). Conclusion 1. The combined extract of Saposhnikovia divaricata, Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola quadrifida, and Salsola laricifolia exhibited no cytotoxicity in vitro within the range of 50–400 µg/mL. 2. The combined herbal extract significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p<0.001) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner.

Background: Globally, approximately 322,000 new cases of brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors were reported in 2022, accounting for 1.6% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Primary brain tumors represent 85–90% of all CNS tumors, and survival varies substantially by tumor type and stage. Malignant brain tumors have a 5-year survival rate of approximately 35.7%, while meningioma, the most common benign brain tumor, has a 5-year survival rate of 88.2%. Furthermore, survival outcomes are substantially poorer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). For example, the median survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is 12–15 months in high-income countries but only 6–9 months in LMICs. In Mongolia, 93 new cases of brain and CNS tumors were reported in 2024. Although the incidence is lower than that of other common cancers, the mortality rate remains high (80.4%). Because brain tissue biopsy is invasive and repeated sampling is often impractical, in Mongolia, brain and CNS tumors continue to be associated with high mortality, underscoring the need for minimally invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease monitoring MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (18–22 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and remain stable in body fluids, making them promising biomarkers. Among them, miR-21 is a well-characterized oncogenic miRNA that is overexpressed in glioma and glioblastoma. However, evidence regarding its clinical utility in LMICs, particularly in Mongolia, remains limited. Aim: To evaluate plasma miRNA-21 expression in patients with primary brain tumors and evaluate its diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 120 participants, including patients with primary brain tumors, patients with other neurological disorders (non-tumor), and healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and plasma miRNA-21 expression was quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Relative expression was calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to evaluate differences among groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic performance, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Result: Plasma miRNA-21 expression was significantly higher in patients with primary brain tumors than in healthy individuals, showing a 3.81-fold increase (p<0.001), and was 1.53-fold higher than in patients with neurological disorders (p<0.001). miRNA-21 expression was significantly elevated in patients with glioma, meningioma, and adenoma compared with both healthy individuals and patients with neurological disorders (p<0.001). Similarly, miRNA-21 expression was significantly higher in both glial and non-glial tumors than in the healthy and neurological disorder groups (p<0.001) and showed an increasing trend according to tumor stage/grade (p<0.001). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that miRNA-21 had a sensitivity of 92.3% and a specificity of 80.5% for distinguishing patients with primary brain tumors from the comparison groups. Conclusion Plasma miRNA-21 has the potential to distinguish patients with primary brain tumors from healthy individuals and patients with neurological disorders and may serve as a minimally invasive diagnostic biomarker for primary brain tumors.

Background: Globally, research on identifying bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and characterizing their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities is progressing rapidly. Plants native to Mongolia have adapted to unique, extreme continental climatic conditions, accumulating distinct phytochemicals, and have historically been utilized in traditional medicine and dietary practices. Establishing the non-cytotoxic safety threshold of these wild and cultivated plant extracts in RBL-2H3 mast cells a universally accepted model for type I hypersensitivity and inflammation is a vital prerequisite. Determining these baseline non-toxic dose ranges provides the essential scientific foundation for subsequent cellular allergy models, animal studies, and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic efficacy. Aim: To determine the cytotoxicity profile and establish the non-cytotoxic dose ranges of extracts from four selected Mongolian plant species (wild and cultivated) in RBL-2H3 cells. Materials and Methods: Plant samples including lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), strawberry (Fragaria orientalis), black radish (Raphanus sativus), and blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) were standardly collected, authenticated, and cataloged as herbarium specimens at the Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. A total of 12 distinct extracts were prepared from plant leaves, stems, and fruits using water and ethanol extraction, followed by concentration via rotary evaporation and freeze-drying. Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells were maintained in EMEM growth medium and utilized during the exponential growth phase. Cell viability and non-cytotoxic concentration thresholds were evaluated using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Result: Ethanolic extracts of strawberry leaves, black radish, and honeysuckle leaves (≥6.25 µg/mL), as well as aqueous extracts of honeysuckle fruits (≥6.25 µg/mL) and stems (≥25 µg/mL), exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Conversely, aqueous extracts of lingonberry leaves (≤200 µg/mL), strawberry leaves (≥100 µg/mL), and black radish (≤200 µg/mL), alongside ethanolic extracts of lingonberry leaves (≥50 µg/mL), demonstrated non-cytotoxic profiles. Furthermore, ethanolic extracts of honeysuckle stems (≤300 µg/mL) and fruits (≥12.5 µg/mL), as well as the aqueous extract of honeysuckle leaves (≤50 µg/mL), significantly enhanced RBL-2H3 cell viability. Conclusion The tested plant extracts influenced RBL-2H3 cell viability in a solvent polarity and plant organ dependent manner. Ethanolic extracts of strawberry leaves, black radish, and honeysuckle leaves, along with aqueous extracts of honeysuckle fruits and stems, demonstrated relatively high cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability by >40% starting at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL. In contrast, aqueous extracts of strawberry leaves and black radish, as well as both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of lingonberry leaves, maintained low cytotoxicity at concentrations below 200 µg/mL. Notably, ethanolic extracts of honeysuckle stems and fruits (>12.5 µg/mL) and its aqueous leaf extract (<100 µg/mL) enhanced cell viability, exhibiting significant cell proliferation promoting activity.

Background: Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive trophoblastic malignancy characterized by rapid progression and a strong tendency for early hematogenous metastasis. It may occur in gestational or nongestational forms. Nongestational choriocarcinoma is extremely rare and is most commonly reported in young women. The tumor frequently metastasizes early to organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain. Case presentation: We report the case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea and hemoptysis and was initially treated for pneumonia. Further evaluation revealed nongestational choriocarcinoma with pulmonary and hepatic metastases. Diagnosis: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest initially suggested pulmonary artery thromboembolism; however, the diagnosis was ultimately confirmed by histopathological examination. Conclusion The distinctive feature of this case is that the disease presented with clinical and radiological findings mimicking pulmonary artery thromboembolism. This case highlights the importance of considering metastatic choriocarcinoma in young women presenting with unexplained respiratory symptoms, hemoptysis, and atypical pulmonary vascular findings.

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-lymphocyte origin, characterized by an aggressive clinical course. Clinically, it most often presents with lymphadenopathy and “B symptoms,” including fever, night sweats, and weight loss. However, in some cases, the disease predominantly involves extranodal organs, such as the spleen, and may present with nonspecific manifestations, thereby posing a diagnostic challenge. Case presentation: A 36-year-old male patient presented with high-grade fever of unknown origin, dyspnea, generalized weakness, sweating, and a 7–8 kg weight loss over one month. Clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations revealed massive splenomegaly measuring 15 × 20 × 20 cm, progressive thrombocytopenia, anemia, and elevated C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Diagnostic workup for infection, tuberculosis, viral infection, and autoimmune disease did not reveal findings sufficient to establish an alternative diagnosis. Because focal splenic lesions and suspected splenic infarction were identified, splenectomy was performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the splenic tissue demonstrated CD20+, CD79a+, BCL2+, CD3−, CD8−, CD30−, and ALK− expression, confirming the final diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Although DLBCL itself is a common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, this case is clinically rare and diagnostically challenging because it presented with predominant splenic involvement, massive splenomegaly measuring 15×20×20 cm, treatment-resistant fever, progressive thrombocytopenia, and imaging findings mimicking splenic infarction. Conclusion In patients presenting with fever of unknown origin that is resistant to treatment, massive splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, elevated LDH, and increased inflammatory markers, lymphoproliferative disorders should be considered early in the differential diagnosis in addition to infectious causes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination play a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis.

Background: Gliomas are common primary brain tumors of glial origin in adults with a poor prognosis. Tumor-related inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) water channel protein have been reported to be expressed in gliomas Aim: This study aimed to determine their serum levels in patients with primary brain tumors compared to healthy controls and to evaluate their potential diagnostic value. Materials and Methods: Serum AQP-4 levels were measured by ELISA in 28 patients with primary brain tumors (PBT) and 26 healthy controls. IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed by flow cytometry in 59 PBT patients and 52 controls. Results: Among the primary brain tumor cases, 45.61% were meningiomas, 26.32% anaplastic astrocytomas, 8.77% glioblastomas, and 12.28% other tumors (including chondroma, ependymoma, schwannoma, craniopharyngioma). Serum IL-6, TNF-α, and AQP-4 levels were significantly higher in the PBT group compared with healthy controls. Conclusion Elevated serum levels of AQP-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients with primary brain tumors suggest that these biomarkers molecules could represent valuable non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection of PBT.

Background: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L extracts were used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Gallic acid, found in Rhodiola rosea L and Rhodiola quidrifida is, a natural polyphenol, exhibits multiple therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic effects. Saposhnikovia divaricate (its ethanol extract mainly) notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The Salsola laricifolia L has been studied for its strong antioxidant activity, improve immune function, boost energy, and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. This study allowed us to screen anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal plants and future therapeutic possibility. Aim: To study the content of phenolic compounds (gallic acid) in the composition of complex products of plants widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine, which have been found to have biological activity of the extracts Materials and Methods: The herbal extract was extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, Saposhnikovia divaricata (Tuscz) Schischk, Rhodiola quidrifida Pall.Fisch, Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv in laboratory of the Drug Research Institute of Monos Group, Mongolia. We used solvents for HPLC grade was used to identify the bioactive components that Gallic acid in the compound plant extract. : Results: The bioactive compounds in each of the Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifida Pall.Fisch and four medicinal plant extracts were identified using HPLC, confirming the presence of Gallic acid. Conclusion Our research results showed that the quantitative content of Gallic acid in the composite plant extract was high, at 1.02%.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.