BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Due to disasters and calamities, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the country is steadily increasing. With their disadvantaged situation, this population is prone to experiencing powerlessness and poor health outcomes. However, there is limited information on how these communities can gain control over their health and well-being. While community empowerment is a crucial process in the health sciences, this concept remains understudied. Hence, this study aimed to explore the process of community empowerment in health and develop a theory grounded on the experiences of displaced communities.

This study utilized the classic grounded theory (CGT), primarily aimed at discovering a conceptual theory anchored on the experiences of internally displaced persons. Particularly, this GT variant sought to explicate a social process of community empowerment in health through the participants’ lenses. A total of 45 individuals from six towns of Bulacan province, Philippines were purposively recruited to participate in focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data analysis employed the constant comparison method, which involved concept development, reduction, and refinement to derive the emerging theory from the gathered information.

he 5 C's Grounded Theory of Community Empowerment in Health depicts marginalization as the main context of internal displacement, where participants’ experiences of resource deprivation and social neglect made them vulnerable to poor health outcomes. The theory further explicates five processes involved in the empowerment of IDPs, namely: consciousness-raising, collaborating, capacity building, carrying out responsibilities, and continuing work. Particularly, the key steps involve (1) raising the community’s awareness on the importance of gaining control over their health and well-being; (2) establishing collaborative relationships within and outside communities; (3) developing competencies on various health-related domains; (4) assuming multiple roles and implementing programs; and (5) continuing efforts to train more people, sustain partnerships, and expand community involvement. These steps lead to the study’s core variable of self-sufficiency, where communities are anchored on the philosophy of communal unity (bayanihan) in managing their own health needs, promoting healthcare access, and addressing other social determinants of health. Moreover, study findings highlight the unique contribution of women, spirituality, and multisectoral engagement in facilitating the process of community empowerment.

This is one of the first few studies to explore the process of community empowerment in health, which guided the development of a theory based on the experiences of internally displaced communities. The theory emphasizes that community empowerment is an iterative and continuous process that involves interactions among community members and other stakeholders. Holistic social preparation and capacity building, together with the integration of local culture and philosophy, could support the successful transition of IDPs into their new lives. Hence, multisectoral collaboration involving government agencies, private offices, higher education institutions, healthcare facilities, and faith-based organizations is crucial in promoting the movement of IDPs from marginalization towards gaining control over their health.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the manifestations of sensory hypersensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and individuals with subclinical autistic traits. METHODS: From September 2021 to April 2023, interviews were conducted on 18 college students with high levels of autistic traits and sensory hypersensitivity selected using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (as subclinical group). Interviews were also conducted on the parents of 11 children with ASD aged 6-13 years selected using the intensity sampling method (as clinical group). Qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis were performed on the interview texts to investigate the scenarios and impact of sensory hypersensitivity and coping strategies in the two groups. RESULTS: The Autism Spectrum Quotient score was significantly positively correlated with sensory hypersensitivity (r=0.504, P<0.001; n=225). Sensory modalities that triggered sensitive reactions were similar in the subclinical and clinical groups, with auditory hypersensitivity being the most prominent. Sensory hypersensitivity had significant negative impact on emotional wellbeing, cognitive ability, physical health, interpersonal relationships, and general adaptive functioning. These dimensions were interconnected, culminating in a holistic experience. Avoidance was the most commonly used coping mechanism for both groups (16 subclinical participants mentioned it 44 times; 8 clinical participants mentioned it 40 times). The clinical group required more support and help from their caregivers (18 times), while the subclinical group used more proactive coping strategies (e.g., facing sensitive scenarios, distracting attention) to alleviate the negative impact (51 times). CONCLUSIONS Sensory hypersensitivity is a common manifestation across the broad ASD phenotype, posing negative effects on multiple aspects of their lives. There is an urgent need for social tolerance and acceptance as well as the development of effective intervention measures.
Humans ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology* ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Autistic Disorder/psychology* ; Sensation Disorders/etiology* ; Qualitative Research

OBJECTIVES: Most dermatological conditions fall under visible skin diseases (VSDs), where lesions are exposed and readily seen, increasing patients' risk of experiencing external stigma from the public and specific professional groups (e.g., service providers). This stigma imposes psychological and social burdens that far exceed the psychological symptoms of the disease. To date, no systematic research has been conducted in China specifically on the external stigma associated with VSDs. Taking psoriasis, vitiligo, and acne as representative conditions, this study aims to explore the external stigma experienced by VSD patients across various social settings and to provide a scientific foundation for the development of measurement tools, quantitative research, and targeted interventions. METHODS: A purposive sample of 23 outpatients diagnosed with psoriasis, acne, or vitiligo was recruited from the Xiangya Hospital Dermatology Clinic of Central South University between December 2023 and July 2024. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted. Data were analyzed using Mayring's qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Reporting followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines. The interviews focused on the experience of external stigma across different social settings. RESULTS: Patients with VSDs reported experiencing external stigma in various contexts including family, community, recreational service venues, healthcare institutions, and others. The main motivation behind stigmatizing behaviors was disease avoidance (e.g., fear of contagion, aversion, social distancing). Stigmatization in school settings was also reported by patients with all 3 types of VSDs. Psoriasis patients reported stigma across all examined scenarios, while vitiligo and acne patients reported stigma in only some contexts. CONCLUSIONS Patients with VSDs experience significant external stigma, with psoriasis patients facing a higher burden compared to those with vitiligo or acne. The predominant stigma-driving factor is the public's desire to avoid disease, which underscores the need for public education to correct misconceptions about VSDs. External stigma from family, school, social networks, healthcare providers, and structural stigma should be the focus of policy and intervention efforts aimed at protecting the rights and well-being of patients with VSDs.
Humans ; Social Stigma ; Female ; Male ; Qualitative Research ; Acne Vulgaris/psychology* ; Skin Diseases/psychology* ; Adult ; Psoriasis/psychology* ; Vitiligo/psychology* ; Middle Aged ; China ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major disease that seriously threatens the health of young people, and kidney transplantation is an effective treatment method to improve its prognosis.Young ESRD patients at a critical stage of life development often face significant physical and psychological challenges while waiting for kidney transplantation. Their psychological state directly affects treatment compliance and transplantation outcomes.This study aims to explore the psychological experiences of young patients with end stage renal disease during the waiting period for kidney transplantation, and provide a reference for formulating relevant psychological intervention measures. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative research design was adopted. Using purposive sampling, 20 young ESRD patients awaiting for kidney transplantation at the Transplantation Center of Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, from June to August 2024, were recruited. Based on the socio-ecological systems theory, a semi-structured interview outline was developed, and directed content analysis was applied to analyze the interview data. RESULTS: According to the results of qualitative interviews, 3 themes and 9 sub-themes were summarized as follows: Microsystem (disease pain experience, anxiety during transplantation waiting period, cognitive differentiation and coping differences), mesosystem (imbalance of family roles and dependent guilt, physician-patient trust dynamics, ambivalence toward peer support), and macrosystem (decision-making powerlessness caused by information asymmetry, sociocultural stigma and public bias, institutional dependence and passive behavior). CONCLUSIONS Young ESRD patients experience complex psychological experiences during the waiting period for kidney transplantation. Healthcare providers should explore corresponding intervention measures based on patients' psychological status to improve their waiting period experience and promote both physical and mental health.
Humans ; Kidney Transplantation/psychology* ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/surgery* ; Qualitative Research ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Waiting Lists ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Anxiety/psychology*

This integrative article explored how nurse-researchers craft and negotiate researcher identity through reflexivity. Drawing on three reflexive narratives situated across distinct practice and career contexts, including academe and military nursing, this article synthesized how personal histories, professional roles, and methodological training intersect in order to shape how one becomes a researcher. Guided by Benner's novice-to-expert lens and contemporary discussions on positionality and reflexive practice, this article's synthesis surfaced recurring themes: identity-in-motion rather than identity-as-status; persistence and vulnerability as engines of growth; insider–outsider movements and the ethical responsibilities being invited; and methodological pluralism as a value stance that links rigor with relevance and care. The narratives also illuminated how institutional cultures, resource constraints, and role expectations contour opportunities for inquiry, while reflexive writing functions as both method and pedagogy, supporting integrity, accountability, and epistemic fluency. It was argued in this article that cultivating researcher identity in nursing requires spaces that normalize doubt, foreground values, and make visible the relational, moral, and political textures of knowledge production. Implications included embedding explicit reflexivity and positionality work in curricula, mentoring, and research supervision; recognizing mixed-methods and qualitative approaches as complementary pathways to impact and to align institutional supports with nurses' dual commitments for both practice and scholarship. In this article, the process of becoming a nurse-researcher had been shown to be a continual practice of courage, reflexivity, and commitment that is by doing it, and learning it, until nurse-researchers make it.

AIM

This study explored the developmental process of self-advocacy among nurses and proposed a conceptual framework, The Nurse Becoming Model of Self-Advocacy, to contribute to middle-range theory development.

A constructivist grounded theory design guided this study. Data was gathered from 29 nurses through in-depth individual and group interviews across academe, hospitals, and professional organizations in Region I and the Cordillera Administrative Region. Theoretical and disconfirming sampling was used to refine categories. Data was analyzed using constant comparative methods.

Self-advocacy emerged as a developmental trajectory comprising four interrelated stages: self-preservation, selfdevelopment, self-actualization, and self-transcendence. Novice nurses often relied on protective strategies such as silence and conformity, while experienced nurses engaged in assertiveness, credibility-building, leadership, and collective advocacy. Nurses emphasized that self-advocacy extended beyond the individual to encompass patients, the profession, and society, while highlighting its relational and collective nature.

Self-advocacy is a dynamic process and core dimension of professional identity. It evolves through stages of growth, integrating self-care, competence, engagement, and transcendence. Supporting self-advocacy through education, mentoring, reflective practice, and enabling organizational structures enhance nurses' well-being and strengthens their capacity to advocate for patients, advance the profession, and contribute to societal transformation. The Nurse Becoming Model of Self-Advocacy offers a transferable framework to guide nursing research, education, and policy toward empowerment and resilience.

BACKGROUND

Medication safety is a global priority, yet in the Philippines, particularly in rural hospitals, it remains underexplored. Nurses are at the frontline of safeguarding patients, often working under resource constraints.

This study explored nurses' perspectives on medication safety in rural Philippine hospitals, while focusing on systemic barriers, emotional and ethical challenges, and strategies employed to sustain safe practice.

Aqualitative design was used that employed focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) with staff nurses in rural hospitals. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes and subthemes emerging from participants' experiences.

Three themes emerged: (1) Building Responsibility and Skills (accountability, verification, documentation, and mentorship); (2) Keeping Patients Safe and Reducing Mistakes (protecting patient care, overcoming systemic barriers); and (3) Handling Emotions and Challenges in Giving Medicine (coping with guilt, moral distress, and reliance on teamwork). Findings revealed that nurses sustain safety through vigilance and accountability but are constrained by chronic understaffing, interruptions, moral distress, and limited training access.

Medication safety in rural Philippine hospitals is shaped by nurses' competence, emotional resilience, and teamwork, but remained fragile without systemic supports. Implications included equitable workforce policies, supportive errorreporting cultures, and strengthened continuing professional development opportunities. Strengthening safety also required shifting from individual responsibility to organizational and system-level accountability.

BACKGROUND

Financial hardship is a defining reality for many nursing students in the Philippines. While nursing education is viewed as a path to family upliftment, the academic burden of sustaining clinical fees, requirements, and living expenses can be overwhelming.

This study explored the lived experiences of Filipino nursing students who face financial strain, while focusing on its sources such as emotional and psychological impacts, coping and survival strategies, and academic consequences.

A descriptive qualitative design was employed to capture rich, contextualized narratives from sixteen Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students enrolled at a state university in the Bicol Region. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke's six-phase approach. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking, audit trails, and reflexive journaling.

Four themes emerged: (1) Sources of Financial Strain—family income instability, solo-parent dependency, family medical expenses, and multiple dependent siblings; (2) Emotional and Psychological Impacts—hopelessness, anxiety, and depression; (3) Coping and Survival Strategies—working while studying and sacrificing rest or self-care; and (4) Academic Consequences—difficulty focusing and fear of dropping out. These findings revealed a complex interplay of economic, emotional, and cultural factors that shape students' struggle to persist.

Financial strain among Filipino nursing students extends beyond economic limitation to encompass moral obligation, emotional fatigue, and academic compromise. Universities must provide holistic support—financial, psychosocial, and institutional—to ensure that nursing students not only survive but succeed.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the sports industry, resulting in the postponement of events worldwide. This posed a significant burden in the mental and emotional well-being of athletes due to uncertainties and diminished training levels. As an adaptation, bubble camps emerged as a new approach to resuming training and tournaments under stringent regulations of the COVID-19 protocols. In the national context, the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) has adapted the bubble set-up by implementing antigen testing, RTPCR, and other health protocols as a prerequisite to bubble training. However, uncertainties in the future of sports continue to present as a psychological toll to the well-being of student-athletes despite the sense of normalcy instilled by bubble training. Existing literature on bubble training is grounded heavily on the quantitative assessments of an athlete's well-being in a bubble set-up and its effectiveness in mitigating COVID-19 transmission, thereby lacking insights that may be obtained from qualitative data. This study explored the experiences of UAAP Season 84 studentathletes in a bubble set-up by examining personal and contextual factors that impacted their well-being.

The study employed a qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach based on Seligman's WellBeing Theory. A purposeful sampling technique was used to recruit UAAP student-athletes through online dissemination of Google Forms for recruitment. Only three student-athletes from UAAP fit the eligibility criteria. Data were collected through on-site and online interviews using a semi-structured interview guide to reveal a narrative of the student-athletes' bubble training experiences, common themes, and patterns. The NVivo software program was used for data analysis, utilizing a deductive thematic approach.

The lived experiences of three UAAP studentathletes were classified into six major themes: (1) Availability and Accessibility of Services; (2) Restrictions; (3) Mental Health; (4) Fostering Relationships; (5) Support Systems; and (6) Individual Growth. Accounts of both positive and negative training perceptions and outcomes regarding the bubble set-up were noted from all student-athletes. The set-up provided studentathletes with easy access to training facilities and services, eventual development of mental fortitude and  perseverance, improved interpersonal relationships, and opportunities for individual growth. However, the restrictions, isolation, internal and external pressures, and routinary nature of the set-up contributed to the elevated levels of stress and anxiety, eventually leading to fatigue and burnout.

The study elucidates on the multi-faceted experiences of UAAP student-athletes in bubble training, underpinning the essence of the adequacy of training services and facilities, enhanced support systems, and prompt policy development that caters to improving the holistic well-being of student-athletes amidst adverse changes in the trajectory of sports.

Generally, this study explores the transformation of body image among former collegiate athletes in Metro Manila. Through qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology, the study found out diverse experiences of former female athletes with their body image. A salient theme that was elicited from the study was how changes in daily routines significantly impacted their perceptions. External factors like comments from family, peers, and society also played a major role. The cultural norms of both athletics and Philippine society influenced how these women internalized their body image. Many still associate ideal bodies with athletic terms like "muscular" or "visible abs." Coping mechanisms varied, but most leaned towards positive strategies like seeking support to counter the negative influences.