Gamma band oscillation (GBO) and sensory gating (SG) are associated with many cognitive functions. Ketamine induces deficits of GBO and SG in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the time-courses of the effects of different doses of ketamine on GBO power and SG are poorly understood. Studies have indicated that GBO power and SG have a common substrate for their generation and abnormalities. In this study, we found that (1) ketamine administration increased GBO power in the PFC in rats differently in the low- and high-dose groups; (2) auditory SG was significantly lower than baseline in the 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups, but not in the 15 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg groups; and (3) changes in SG and basal GBO power were significantly correlated in awake rats. These results indicate a relationship between mechanisms underlying auditory SG and GBO power.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electroencephalography ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Gamma Rhythm ; drug effects ; Ketamine ; pharmacology ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sensory Gating ; drug effects ; Sleep Stages ; drug effects ; Statistics as Topic ; Time Factors ; Wakefulness ; drug effects

To optimize the monitoring time of interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) in patients with epilepsy by long-term video electroencephalogram (VEEG).The cumulative percentages of IED detected by VEEG in 346 epilepsy patients (349 times) with different purposes, different waking sleep states and different MRI findings were retrospectively analyzed. According to the purposes, there were 164 patients (165 times) for clarifying diagnosis, 124 patients (124 times) for preoperative evaluation and 58 patients (60 times) for adjustment of medications. According to MRI results, there were responsible lesions in 98 patients (98 times) and no responsible lesions in 173 patients (174 times).Among 346 patients (349 times), IED was detected within 24 h in 231 patients (times). The percentage of detection in patients with purpose of preoperative evaluation was higher than those with purpose of diagnosis and medication adjustment. The detection of LED was gradually increased in first 8 h with 59.0%, then stably in 24 h. 46.8% IED was recorded during sleep time, particularly in the second stage of sleep. The cumulative percentage of IED in patients with abnormal MRI findings was higher in all periods. It reached 83.7% within 8 h, and then tended to be stable.The study shows that LED should be monitored by VEEG at least 8 hours and should include the second stage of sleep in patients with epilepsy. Patients with refractory epilepsy and with abnormal lesions on MRI should record IED more frequently.
Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Brain Waves ; Electroencephalography ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Epilepsy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Sleep ; physiology ; Time Factors

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a higher burden of seizures, but few studies have examined seizures in HIV-infected individuals in Korea. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of seizures in patients with HIV infection. Among a total of 1,141 patients, 34 (3%) had seizures or epilepsy; 4 of these individuals had epilepsy before HIV infection, and the others showed new-onset seizures. Most patients exhibited moderate (200 to 500, n = 13) or low (below 200, n = 16) CD4 counts. The most common seizure etiology was progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (n = 14), followed by other HIV-associated central nervous system (CNS) complications (n = 6). Imaging studies revealed brain lesions in 21 patients. A total of 9 patients experienced only one seizure during the follow-up period, and 25 patients experienced multiple seizures or status epilepticus (n = 2). Multiple seizures were more common in patients with brain etiologies (P = 0.019) or epileptiform discharges on EEG (P = 0.032). Most seizures were controlled without anticonvulsants (n = 12) or with a single anticonvulsant (n = 12). Among patients with HIV infection, seizures are significantly more prevalent than in the general population. Most seizures, with the exception of status epilepticus, have a benign clinical course and few complications.
Adult ; Aged ; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Causality ; Comorbidity ; Electroencephalography/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; HIV Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Seizures/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo analyze the relationship between the ictal onset zone and dominant interictal epileptiform foci in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients.

METHODClinical data of 20 patients with TSC which had epileptic seizures during Video-EEG monitoring was assessed. Consistency and dominance of focal interictal epileptiform activity and the ictal onset zone were identified. Concordance between interictal and ictal findings was analyzed.

RESULTOf the 20 patients, 7 were female, and 13 were male. The age of epilepsy onset was from 15 d to 6 years. The Video-EEG monitoring age was from 6 months to 11 years. Family history was found in three cases. Abnormality in neuroimaging existed in 17 of 18 patients who were examined. Interictal EEG showed hypsarrhythmia in 3 patients, multifocal epileptiform activity with a dominant focus in 12 patients, both focal and generalized discharges in 2 patients, and only focal discharges in 3 patients. The seizures types during EEG monitoring included epileptic spasms, partial seizure, atypical absence, and generalized or focal myoclonic seizure. The most common seizure type was partial seizure and then epileptic spasms. EEG in 4 patients with epileptic spasms showed ictal generalized discharges and interictal hypsarrhythmia or generalized discharges. Clinical manifestation of epileptic spasms was asymmetric in 3 patients. Lateralization and location of interictal and ictal discharges were consistent in 2 of the 3 patients, while only lateralization consistency in 1 of the 3 patients. Partial seizures as the only seizure type were monitored in 13 patients. Of the 13 patients, lateralization and location of interictal and ictal discharges were inconsistent in 2 patients (15%), consistent in 8 patients (62%), lateralization or location consistent in 2 patients (15%). One case could not be analyzed because of uncertainty of lateralization and location of seizure onset.

CONCLUSIONIn the majority of patients with TSC, multifocal interictal epileptiform activity is present, in which a most dominance of focal epileptiform activity could be found. For some epileptic seizures or the majority of partial seizures, the ictal onset zone is concordant with the dominance of focal interictal epileptiform foci. The concordance might have positioning reference significance for preoperative evaluation of epilepsy surgery.

Brain ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; methods ; Cerebral Cortex ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electroencephalography ; statistics & numerical data ; Epilepsies, Partial ; diagnosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; diagnosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Tuberous Sclerosis ; complications ; diagnosis ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo study correlation of brain hypoxia of different degrees with brain function and damage.

METHODSThe brain regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) was determined by using a non-invasive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique in 15 piglets; the piglets were subjected to inhale 3% - 11% oxygen-nitrogen mixed gas through mechanical ventilation for 30 min. The piglets were divided into groups according to the level of brain rSO2 (i.e. < 30%, 30% - 35%, 35% - 40%, and 40% - 50%), and the data were compared with those of the control group (rSO2 > 60%). Changes of brain function were detected through amplitude and frequency of EEG waves and signal complexity. The piglets were sacrificed via decapitation 72 h after brain damage, and then histopathological and ultrastructural examinations were performed on cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 area.

RESULTSIn the group with rSO2 > 40%, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) after hypoxia was (56 +/- 0.00) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa), the blood lactic acid (LA) was (2.3 +/- 1.2) mmol/L, the EEG findings were within normal range, and there was no change in brain tissue ultrastructure. In the group with brain rSO2 = 30% approximately 40%, the MAP was (73 +/- 8) mm Hg, the LA was (8.2 +/- 3.9) mmol/L, the EEG waves showed decreased amplitude, frequency and complexity, but restored to some extent after hypoxia. The brain tissue ultrastructure showed damages to the cerebral cortex and neuron mitochondria at hippocampal CA1 area. In the group with brain rSO2 < 30%, the MAP was (35 +/- 0) mm Hg, the LA was (12 +/- 2) mmol/L, the EEG showed decreased amplitude, frequency, and complexity of signals compared with those of the normal control group, and was difficult to restore after hypoxia in some of the piglets; the brain tissue ultrastructure appeared to be similar to the changes seen with high-degree swollen cerebral cortex and neuron mitochondria at hippocampal CA1 area.

CONCLUSIONDifferent degrees of hypoxia had different influence on brain function and brain damage. The lower the brain rSO2, the more severe the damages to the brain and its function. The rSO2 of brain tissues detected with noninvasive NIRS can reflect brain injury and its severity during cerebral anoxia.

Animals ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Brain Injuries ; complications ; Cerebral Cortex ; physiopathology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hypoxia, Brain ; complications ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; physiopathology ; Male ; Neurons ; pathology ; Oximetry ; instrumentation ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods ; Statistics as Topic ; Swine

Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is fit for studies on the long-range exponential correlations of non-stationary time serial. In this paper, for elucidating the characteristics of different sleep stages, DFA is adopted to analyze the physiological data collected during sleep. The parameters such as electroencephalogram (EEG), R-R interval sequence and stroke volume (SV) are analyzed, and the scaling exponent a is calculated. The experimental results reveal that the values of a differ much in different sleep stages,that the rules of EEG and SV are alike, that alpha increases with the deepening of sleep, but in inverse for R-R interval sequence that alpha decreases with the deepening of sleep. These indicate that the method of DFA is practical in the analysis of physiological parameters.
Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Electrocardiography ; statistics & numerical data ; Electroencephalography ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Polysomnography ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Sleep Stages ; physiology

To correctly classify EEG with different mental tasks, a new learning algorithm for Evolving Cascade Neural Networks (ECNNs) is described to avoid over-fitting of a neural network due to noise and redundant features. The learning algorithm calculates the value of a fitness function on validate set and accordingly updates the connection weights on training set. The learning algorithm uses the regularity criterion for selecting the neurons with relevant connection. If the value Cr calculated for the rth neuron is less than the value Cr-1 calculated for the previous (r-1) neuron, the features that feed the rth neuron are relevant, else they are irrelevant. An ECNN starts to learn with one input node and then, adding new inputs as well as new hidden neurons, evolves it. The trained ECNN has a nearly minimal number of input and hidden neurons as well as connections. The algorithm is applied to classify EEG with two mental tasks. The trained ECNN has correctly classified 83.1% of the testing segments. It shows a better result, compared with a standard BP network.
Algorithms ; Electroencephalography ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

In regard to the controls and schizophrenia EEGs, we have got alpha rhythm from three points of view and verified the nonlinearity of the three kinds of rhythms. The results show that neither normal EEG alpha nor patients EEG alpha have the typical nonlinear characteristics. Therefore, we could not blindly use the theories of nonlinear dynamics to analyze the rhythm of brain wave.
Alpha Rhythm ; statistics & numerical data ; Brain ; physiology ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Schizophrenia ; physiopathology

The present paper focused on the extraction of event-related potentials on a single sweep under extremely low S/N ratio. Two methods that can efficiently remove spontaneous EEG, ocular artifacts and power line interference were presented based on ARX modeling and independent component analysis (ICA). The former method applied ARX model to the measured compound signal that extensively contained the three kinds of ordinary noises mentioned above, and used ARX algorithm for parametric identification. The latter decomposed the signal by means of independent component analysis. Besides, some of ICA's important decomposing characters and its intrinsic causality were pointed out definitely. According to the practical situation, some modification on FastICA algorithm was also given, so as to implement auto-adaptive mapping of decomposed results to ERP component. Through simulation, both the two ways are proved to be highly capable of signal extraction and S/N ratio improving.
Electroencephalography ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials ; physiology ; Humans ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

We have investigated spatio-temporal source modeling (STSM) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) by using a Quasi-Newton method based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for localization of multiple dipole sources from the scalp EEG. The problem of multiple dipole localization was transformed into several single dipole localization problems. Another benefit of the present method is that the number of independent sources can be estimated. Computer simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of this approach. The present simulation results indicate that the ICA-based method is superior to the conventional nonlinear methods in localization accuracy, computation time and anti-noise performance, for multiple dipole localization when the sources are stationary over the period of interest.
Brain ; physiology ; Brain Mapping ; methods ; Computer Simulation ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Electroencephalography ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Models, Statistical