Clinical trials have demonstrated that kilohertz-frequency transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) can be used to facilitate the recovery of sensory-motor function for patients with spinal cord injury, whereas the neural mechanism of TSCS is still undetermined so that the choice of stimulation parameters is largely dependent on the clinical experience. In this paper, a finite element model of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation was used to calculate the electric field distribution of human spinal cord segments T ₁₂ to L ₂, whereas the activation thresholds of spinal fibers were determined by using a double-cable neuron model. Then the variation of activation thresholds was obtained by varying the carrier waveform, the interphase delay, the modulating frequency, and the modulating pulse width. Compared with the sinusoidal carrier, the usage of square carrier could significantly reduce the activation threshold of dorsal root (DR) fibers. Moreover, the variation of activation thresholds was no more than 1 V due to the varied modulating frequency and decreases with the increased modulating pulse width. For a square carrier at 10 kHz modulated by rectangular pulse with the frequency of 50 Hz and the pulse width of 1 ms, the lowest activation thresholds of DR fibers and dorsal column fibers were 27.6 V and 55.8 V, respectively. An interphase delay of 5 μs was able to reduce the activation thresholds of the DR fibers to 20.1 V. The simulation results can lay a theoretical foundation on the selection of TSCS parameters in clinical trials.
Humans ; Spinal Cord Stimulation/methods* ; Nerve Fibers/physiology* ; Finite Element Analysis ; Spinal Cord/physiology* ; Computer Simulation ; Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology* ; Lumbosacral Region ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods* ; Models, Neurological

Objective: To analyze the literature published in Chinese Journal of Burns (now Chinese Journal of Burns and Wounds) in the last 22 years, and to explore the development trend of burn discipline. Methods: The relevant clinical and research literature published in Chinese Journal of Burns from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2021 were retrieved through China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. Bibliometrics was used to classify and analyze the literature by research types, involved research fields, and reported causes of injury, and compare them every 3 years according to the year of publication (with literature published in 2021 being included in the last time period). Keywords of all the literature were retrieved, which were corrected and conversed later. CiteSpace 6.1.R2 software was used to visually cluster the included keywords, count high-frequency and high-centrality keywords, and divide the high-frequency keywords by time as before for segment comparison. Results: A total of 4 485 relevant papers were included, with an average of about 204 papers each year. The research types analysis of literature showed that clinical diagnosis and treatment literature had the highest proportion, reaching 65.3% (2 929/4 485), followed by cell experiment and animal experiment literature, accounting for 18.1% (812/4 485) and 13.2% (591/4 485), respectively. The proportion of various research types of the literature in each time period was basically stable. The analysis of the research fields involved in the literature showed that the literature in the field of systemic treatment of burns accounted for the highest proportion, reaching 60.2% (2 699/4 485), followed by the literature in the fields of acute wounds and plastic surgery, accounting for 20.2% (908/4 485) and 7.3% (326/4 485), respectively. The proportion of the literature in the field of systemic treatment of burns decreased from 84.0% (430/512) in 2000-2002 to 40.3% (373/926) in 2018-2021, with a decreasing proportion of 43.7%. While compared with that in 2000-2002, the proportions of literature in the fields of acute wounds, plastic surgery, chronic wounds, and burn rehabilitation were on the rise, with the proportions in 2018-2021 increased by 11.7%, 9.1%, 10.7%, and 5.5%, respectively. In the first 6 time periods, the number of literature in the field of discipline management was few and remained in single digits, but it increased to 49 in 2018-2021. Among the 1 099 literature in the field of systemic treatment of burns with a clear cause of injury, the literature on thermal burns was the most, accounting for 58.5% (643/1 099), followed by the literature on electrical burns and chemical burns, accounting for 19.8% (218/1 099) and 12.6% (138/1 099), respectively. The comparison by time period showed that the proportion of literature reporting thermal burns showed a significant downward trend, while the proportion of literature reporting other causes of injury did not change significantly. A total of 6 822 keywords from 2 236 literature were included for analysis. Visual cluster analysis showed that relevant studies focused on burns, surgical flaps, scars, and wound healing. The top 3 keywords in frequency were burns, wound healing, and surgical flaps, and the top 3 keywords in centrality were burns, scars, and skin transplantation. The comparison by time period showed that the only keyword with a stable frequency in the top 10 ranks was burns; with the passage of time, some keywords such as endotoxin/endotoxins and fibroblasts gradually dropped out of the top 10 ranks, while keywords such as wounds and injuries, surgical flaps, and negative-pressure wound therapy gradually entered the top 10 ranks. Conclusions: Among the literature published in Chinese Journal of Burns during the last 22 years, the literature on systemic treatment of burns and thermal burns has gradually decreased, while the literature on chronic wounds and burn rehabilitation has increased. Surgical flaps, wound healing, and scar prevention and treatment are the current research hot spots in burn discipline.
Bibliometrics ; Burns, Chemical ; Burns, Electric/therapy* ; China ; Cicatrix ; Humans

Electric field stimulation (EFS) can effectively inhibit local Ca ²⁺ influx and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, after the EFS, the Ca ²⁺ in the injured spinal cord restarts and subsequent biochemical reactions are stimulated, which affect the long-term effect of EFS. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a hydrophilic polymer material that can promote cell membrane fusion and repair damaged cell membranes. This article aims to study the combined effects of EFS and PEG on the treatment of SCI. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to SCI and then divided into control group (no treatment, n = 10), EFS group (EFS for 30 min, n = 10), PEG group (covered with 50% PEG gelatin sponge for 5 min, n = 10) and combination group (combined treatment of EFS and PEG, n = 10). The measurement of motor evoked potential (MEP), the motor behavior score and spinal cord section fast blue staining were performed at different times after SCI. Eight weeks after the operation, the results showed that the latency difference of MEP, the amplitude difference of MEP and the ratio of cavity area of spinal cords in the combination group were significantly lower than those of the control group, EFS group and PEG group. The motor function score and the ratio of residual nerve tissue area in the spinal cords of the combination group were significantly higher than those in the control group, EFS group and PEG group. The results suggest that the combined treatment can reduce the pathological damage and promote the recovery of motor function in rats after SCI, and the therapeutic effects are significantly better than those of EFS and PEG alone.
Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recovery of Function/physiology* ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries/therapy*

Objective: To explore the effects of clinical application of free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap in repair of electrical burn wounds on head based on the concept of donor site protection. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Eight patients with electrical burns with huge scalp defects and exposed skulls were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, from May 2017 to December 2019, who were all males, aged 21-57 (39±13) years, sustaining multiple deep partial thickness to full-thickness electrical burns to 5%-14% total body surface area. Among the scalp burn sites of the patients, 1 case was posterior occipital, 2 cases were parietal occipital, 4 cases were parietal temporal, and 1 case was frontotemporal. After debridement, the defect area was 10 cm×9 cm-16 cm×14 cm. The incision area of the free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap was 22 cm×6 cm-30 cm×9 cm. The artery and vein of flap were anastomosed with superficial temporal artery and vein or facial artery and vein, and the other vein of skin flap was anastomosed with superficial vein of recipient area. The donor site of skin flap was closed by layer interrupted tension-reducing suture. After the operation, the survival of flop, donor site wound healing and complications were observed. The flap appearance, wound healing of donor sites, long-term complications and functional recovery of donor sites were observed on follow-up. Results: After the operation, the flaps of 8 patients survived completely without vascular crisis. The donor sites of flaps in all the patients healed well with no osteofascial compartment syndrome. Seven patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months, and 1 case was lost to follow up. During follow-up, the flaps of the patients' heads were in good appearance but with alopecia. The donor sites showed linear scars, which were well hidden. There were no significant differences in sensory and motor functions between the two sides, and no complications were found such as muscle hernia. Conclusions: Free anterolateral thigh perforator lobulated flap has a good clinical effect in the early repair of electrical burn wounds with huge scalp defect and skull exposure on head, and the donor wounds can be directly closed and sutured, greatly reducing the damage to the donor area.
Adult ; Burns, Electric/surgery* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Perforator Flap ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Skin Transplantation ; Soft Tissue Injuries/surgery* ; Thigh/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of free hallux-nail flap combined with the second toe composite tissue flap in the reconstruction of damaged thumb after electrical burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. From May 2018 to April 2021, 12 male patients with thumb destructive defects caused by electrical burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, aged 27 to 58 years, including 10 cases with degree Ⅲ thumb defect and 2 cases with degree Ⅳ thumb defect after thorough debridement. The thumb was reconstructed with free hallux-nail flap combined with composite tissue flap of the second phalangeal bone, joint, and tendon with skin island. The donor site of hallux-nail flap was covered with artificial dermis in the first stage and performed with continuous vacuum sealing drainage, and covered with medium-thickness skin graft from the groin site in the second stage. The donor site in the second toe was filled and fixed with iliac bone strips. The survival of reconstructed thumb was observed 1 week after the reconstruction surgery, the survival of skin graft in the donor site of hallux-nail flap was observed 2 weeks after skin grafting, and the callus formation of the reconstructed thumb phalanx and the second toe of the donor foot was observed by X-ray 6 weeks after the reconstruction surgery. During the follow-up, the shape of reconstructed thumb was observed and the sensory function was evaluated; the function of reconstructed thumb was evaluated with trial standard for the evaluation of the functions of the upper limbs of the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association; whether the interphalangeal joints of the hallux and the second toe were stiff, the scar hyperplasia of the foot donor site, and whether the walking and standing functions of the donor feet were limited were observed. Results: One week after the reconstruction surgery, all the reconstructed thumbs of the patients survived. Two weeks after skin grafting, the skin grafts in the donor site of hallux-nail flap of 11 patients survived, while the skin graft in the donor site of hallux-nail flap of 1 patient was partially necrotic, which was healed completely after 10 days' dressing change. Six weeks after the reconstruction surgery, callus formation was observed in the reconstructed thumb and the second toe of the donor foot of 10 patients, the Kirschner wires were removed; while callus formation of the reconstructed thumb was poor in 2 patients, and the Kirschner wires were removed after 2 weeks of delay. During the follow-up of 6 to 24 months, the shape of reconstructed thumb was similar to that of the healthy thumb, the discrimination distance between the two points of the reconstructed thumb was 7 to 11 mm, and the functional evaluation results were excellent in 4 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 2 cases. The interphalangeal joints of the hallux and the second toe of the donor foot were stiff, mild scar hyperplasia was left in the donor site of foot, and the standing and walking functions of the donor foot were not significantly limited. Conclusions: The application of free hallux-nail flap combined with the second toe composite tissue flap in the reconstruction of damaged thumb after electrical burns adopts the concept of reconstruction instead of repair to close the wound. It can restore the shape and function of the damaged thumb without causing great damage to the donor foot.
Burns, Electric/surgery* ; Cicatrix/surgery* ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Hallux/surgery* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Skin Transplantation/methods* ; Thumb/surgery* ; Toes/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns. Methods: We collected the data of 8 patients with high-tension electrical wrist burns admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. The clinical and pathological data were extracted from electronic hospital medical records. We obtained follow-up information through clinic visits. Results: The injury sites for all 8 patients were the wrists, specifically 5 right and 3 left wrists, all of which were on the flexor side. Five patients had ulnar artery embolism necrosis and patency, with injury to the radial artery. Two patients had ulnar and radial arterial embolization and necrosis. The last patient had ulnar arterial embolization and necrosis with a normal radial artery. After debridement, the wound area ranged from 12 cm × 9 cm to 25 cm × 16 cm. The diagnoses for the eight patients were type II to type III high-tension electrical wrist burns. Free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) were used to repair the wounds. The prognosis for all patients was good after six months to one year of follow-up. Conclusion Treating wrist types II and III high-tension electrical burns is still challenging in clinical practice. The use of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) to repair the wound and to restore the blood supply for the hand at the same time is a good choice for treating severe wrist electrical burns.
Adult ; Beijing ; Burns, Electric ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Flaps ; statistics & numerical data ; Thigh ; Wound Healing ; Wrist Injuries ; surgery ; Young Adult

We aimed to determine whether combination of LIM-kinase 2 inhibitor (LIMK2i) and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE5i) could restore erectile function through suppressing cavernous fibrosis and improving cavernous apoptosis in a rat model of cavernous nerve crush injury (CNCI). Seventy 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were equally distributed into five groups as follows: (1) sham surgery (Group S), (2) CNCI (Group I), (3) CNCI treated with daily intraperitoneal administration of 10.0 mg kg^-1 LIMK2i (Group I + L), (4) daily oral administration of 20.0 mg kg^-1 udenafil, PDE5i (Group I + U), and (5) combined administration of 10.0 mg kg^-1 LIMK2i and 20.0 mg kg^-1 udenafil (Group I + L + U). Rats in Groups I + L, I + U, and I + L + U were treated with respective regimens for 2 weeks after CNCI. At 2 weeks after surgery, erectile response was assessed using electrostimulation. Penile tissues were processed for histological studies and western blot. Group I showed lower intracavernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP), lower area under the curve (AUC)/MAP, decreased immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin, higher apoptotic index, lower SM/collagen ratio, increased phospho-LIMK2-positive fibroblasts, decreased protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Akt/eNOS) phosphorylation, increased LIMK2/cofilin phosphorylation, and increased protein expression of fibronectin, compared to Group S. In all three treatment groups, erectile responses, protein expression of fibronectin, and SM/collagen ratio were improved. Group I + L + U showed greater improvement in erectile response than Group I + L. SM content and apoptotic index in Groups I + U and I + L + U were improved compared to those in Group I. However, Group I + L did not show a significant improvement in SM content or apoptotic index. The number of phospho-LIMK2-positive fibroblasts was normalized in Groups I + L and I + L + U, but not in Group I + U. Akt/eNOS phosphorylation was improved in Groups I + U and I + L + U, but not in Group I + L. LIMK2/cofilin phosphorylation was improved in Groups I + L and I + L + U, but not in Group I + U. Our data indicate that combined treatment of LIMK2i and PDE5i immediate after CN injury could improve erectile function by improving cavernous apoptosis or eNOS phosphorylation and suppressing cavernous fibrosis. Rectification of Akt/eNOS and LIMK2/cofilin pathways appears to be involved in their improvement.
Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Arterial Pressure ; Electric Stimulation ; Erectile Dysfunction/pathology* ; Lim Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Male ; Nerve Crush ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism* ; Penis/pathology* ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/pathology* ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Phosphorylation ; Pyrimidines/therapeutic use* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfonamides/therapeutic use*

Spinal cord injury (SCI), which is much in the public eye, is still a refractory disease compromising the well-being of both patients and society. In spite of there being many methods dealing with the lesion, there is still a deficiency in comprehensive strategies covering all facets of this damage. Further, we should also mention the structure called the corticospinal tract (CST) which plays a crucial role in the motor responses of organisms, and it will be the focal point of our attention. In this review, we discuss a variety of strategies targeting different dimensions following SCI and some treatments that are especially efficacious to the CST are emphasized. Over recent decades, researchers have developed many effective tactics involving five approaches: (1) tackle more extensive regions; (2) provide a regenerative microenvironment; (3) provide a glial microenvironment; (4) transplantation; and (5) other auxiliary methods, for instance, rehabilitation training and electrical stimulation. We review the basic knowledge on this disease and correlative treatments. In addition, some well-formulated perspectives and hypotheses have been delineated. We emphasize that such a multifaceted problem needs combinatorial approaches, and we analyze some discrepancies in past studies. Finally, for the future, we present numerous brand-new latent tactics which have great promise for curbing SCI.
Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology* ; Axons/physiology* ; Cell Transplantation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Microglia/cytology* ; Motor Neurons/cytology* ; Nerve Regeneration ; Neuroglia/cytology* ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology* ; Oligodendroglia/cytology* ; Pyramidal Tracts/pathology* ; Recovery of Function ; Regenerative Medicine/methods* ; Spinal Cord Injuries/therapy*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop content for safety education to prevent hospital safety accidents among hospitalized children and to investigate the status of safety education performed by nurses. METHODS: First, the Delphi method was used, with 18 experts, to develop educational contents for preventing safety accidents. Second, an exploratory survey was performed of the actual status of safety education for preventing safety accidents among hospitalized children using a questionnaire developed based on the Delphi method. The participants of this study were 159 nurses with at least 6 months of work experience. RESULTS: The educational content developed through the Delphi method for preventing safety accidents among hospitalized children contained seven domains (falls, injury, electric shocks/burns, suffocation/aspiration, poisoning/abuse, kidnapping, medical devices) with 44 topics. The item mean of nurses'perceptions of the importance of child safety education was 4.18, and the actual performance score was 3.72, which was a statistically significant difference (t=11.58, p < .001). CONCLUSION: These seven comprehensive domains of accident prevention education for hospitalized children are expected to be useful for interventions to support the safety of hospitalized children.
Accident Prevention ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized* ; Crime ; Delphi Technique ; Education ; Electric Injuries ; Humans ; Methods

PURPOSE: To determine if self-administered transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) is a feasible treatment option for neurogenic bladder among people with spinal cord injury (SCI) who utilize intermittent catheterization for bladder management. METHODS: Four-week observational trial in chronic SCI subjects performing intermittent catheterization with incontinence episodes using TTNS at home daily for 30 minutes. Those using anticholinergic bladder medications were given a weaning schedule to begin at week 2. Primary outcomes were compliance and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included change in bladder medications, efficacy based on bladder diary, adverse events, and incontinence quality of life (I-QoL) survey.
Appointments and Schedules ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Compliance ; Humans ; Mouth ; Quality of Life ; Sleep Stages ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord ; Tibial Nerve ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urodynamics ; Weaning