POTENTIAL OF CHITOSAN BLACK SOLDIER FLIES (Hermetia Illucens) PUPAE ON POST-EXTRACTION WOUND HEALING PROCESS Chitosan can accelerate the wound healing process by increasing inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, and increases fibroblast proliferation after tooth extraction. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) pupae containing 35% chitin, which can be processed into chitosan and was found to have potential benefits in post-extraction wound healing. This study aimed to assess the potential of chitosan BSF pupae by monitoring the presence of macrophages and fibroblasts after tooth extraction. Chitosan BSF pupae was made into a gel preparation. Eighteen male Cavia cobaya were divided into control and treatment groups (n = 9 each). BSF pupae chitosan gel was applied to the post-extraction tooth socket in the treatment group (CBSF), while none was applied to the control group (CC). The samples were decapitated on the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th days by cutting the mandibular bone for histopathological examination, which was carried out by measuring the number of macrophages and fibroblasts through microscopic observation and data analysis. There an increase in macrophages evident in CBSF group than in CC group on the 2nd and 3rd days, while a decrease was seen on the 5th day of CBSF group than CC group. There was an increase in fibroblasts evident in CBSF group than in CC group on the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th days. Kruskal Wallis test indicated a significant difference in macrophages between the control and the treatment group (p = 0.006), and the One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in fibroblasts between both groups (p = 0.000). In conclusion, the application of chitosan BSF pupae accelerated the post-extraction wound healing process in Cavia cobaya by modulating the number of macrophages and increasing the number of fibroblasts.

Objective: To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods: This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results: There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P=0.373;P=0.538;and P=0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P=0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated ma-laria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.

Objective To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P = 0.373; P = 0.538; and P = 0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P = 0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated malaria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.