Background: In the targeted therapy era, the indication for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has ex-panded to include patients with multiple brain metastases (BMs). This study aimed to compare treatment outcomes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with 1–4 versus 5–10 BMs, all treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and upfront Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 74 consecutive EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with 1–10synchronous BMs treated with first-line EGFR-TKIs and upfront Gamma Knife SRS at Vietnam National Cancer Hospital from 2021 to 2024. Patients were divided into 1–4 BMs (n=39) and 5–10 BMs (n=35) groups. Primary endpoints were intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two groups. Median iPFS wasnot reached in the 1–4 BMs group and 19 months in the 5–10 BMs group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1.17; p=0.31). Median OS was not reached in the 1–4 BMs group and was 23 months in the 5–10 BMs group (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.91–1.16; p=0.41). Multivariate analysis revealed extracranial response (HR 4.30, p<0.01 for iPFS; HR 7.29, p<0.01 for OS) and presence of extracranial metastases (HR 3.20, p=0.01 for iPFS) as the only independent prognostic factors; number of BMs was not prognostic. Radionecrosis occurred in 6.8%, of which 2.7% were symptomatic. Conclusion In EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients receiving TKIs and upfront Gamma Knife radiosur-gery, the survival time in patients with 5–10 BMs was comparable to that with 1–4 BMs. The number of BMs should not be regarded as a contraindication for SRS in this subgroup.

Peptide-based therapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of various diseases;however,their clinical application is often hindered by toxicity challenges.The accurate prediction of peptide toxicity is crucial for designing safe peptide-based therapeutics.While traditional experimental approaches are time-consuming and expensive,computational methods have emerged as viable alternatives,including similarity-based and machine learning(ML)-/deep learning(DL)-based methods.However,existing methods often struggle with robustness and generalizability.To address these challenges,we propose HyPepTox-Fuse,a novel framework that fuses protein language model(PLM)-based embeddings with conventional descriptors.HyPepTox-Fuse integrates ensemble PLM-based embeddings to achieve richer peptide representations by leveraging a cross-modal multi-head attention mechanism and Transformer architecture.A robust feature ranking and selection pipeline further refines conventional descriptors,thus enhancing prediction performance.Our framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods in cross-validation and independent evaluations,offering a scalable and reliable tool for peptide toxicity pre-diction.Moreover,we conducted a case study to validate the robustness and generalizability of HyPepTox-Fuse,highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing model performance.Furthermore,the HyPepTox-Fuse server is freely accessible at https://balalab-skku.org/HyPepTox-Fuse/and the source code is publicly available at https://github.com/cbbl-skku-org/HyPepTox-Fuse/.The study thus presents an intuitive platform for predicting peptide toxicity and supports reproducibility through openly available datasets.

Peptide-based therapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of various diseases; however, their clinical application is often hindered by toxicity challenges. The accurate prediction of peptide toxicity is crucial for designing safe peptide-based therapeutics. While traditional experimental approaches are time-consuming and expensive, computational methods have emerged as viable alternatives, including similarity-based and machine learning (ML)-/deep learning (DL)-based methods. However, existing methods often struggle with robustness and generalizability. To address these challenges, we propose HyPepTox-Fuse, a novel framework that fuses protein language model (PLM)-based embeddings with conventional descriptors. HyPepTox-Fuse integrates ensemble PLM-based embeddings to achieve richer peptide representations by leveraging a cross-modal multi-head attention mechanism and Transformer architecture. A robust feature ranking and selection pipeline further refines conventional descriptors, thus enhancing prediction performance. Our framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods in cross-validation and independent evaluations, offering a scalable and reliable tool for peptide toxicity prediction. Moreover, we conducted a case study to validate the robustness and generalizability of HyPepTox-Fuse, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing model performance. Furthermore, the HyPepTox-Fuse server is freely accessible at https://balalab-skku.org/HyPepTox-Fuse/ and the source code is publicly available at https://github.com/cbbl-skku-org/HyPepTox-Fuse/. The study thus presents an intuitive platform for predicting peptide toxicity and supports reproducibility through openly available datasets.

This study aims to describe the feasibility of inserting an oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) cage through biportal endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (BE-LIF) and to illustrate the key surgical steps through a case-based video demonstration. BE-LIF is a safe and effective minimally invasive fusion technique. Among the factors influencing successful fusion, the cage footprint plays a critical role—a larger cage increases endplate contact area, maintains disc height, and enhances segmental stability. The OLIF cage offers these biomechanical advantages; however, inserting it through a biportal endoscopic approach is technically demanding and requires several strategic considerations. These include meticulous preoperative planning of portal positions to optimize visualization and working angles, adequate preparation of the disc space window for cage insertion, precise endplate preparation, and safe neural manipulation within a confined surgical field. A 56-year-old female presented with chronic low back pain and bilateral leg symptoms unresponsive to conservative treatment. Imaging revealed severe L4–5 central canal stenosis, foraminal narrowing, and instability. She underwent BE-LIF with OLIF cage insertion and percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. The step-by-step surgical video demonstrates portal placement, decompression, endplate preparation, bone grafting, and cage insertion under combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. The operation lasted 180 minutes, with an estimated blood loss of 150 mL. The patient was mobilized on postoperative day 1 and discharged on day 5 with marked improvement. Follow-up radiographs confirmed restoration of disc height, correct cage positioning, and adequate decompression. This case demonstrates that BE-LIF with OLIF cage insertion is feasible and may enhance fusion potential by combining the minimally invasive benefits of biportal endoscopy with the biomechanical advantages of a large-footprint cage. However, the procedure remains technically demanding and is best suited for experienced endoscopic spine surgeons.

Vietnam boasts a rich and diverse flora, with many endemic species. Among them, Ngoc Linh ginseng (Vietnamese ginseng; scientific name: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a high-value endemic ginseng species, has been recognized as a national treasure. While numerous studies have been conducted on its rhizomes and roots, research on its leaves remains limited. In this study, six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their structures were elucidated using ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparisons with known literature data. The identified compounds are: 12β,20(R),25-β trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1); 12β,20(R),25-trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2); notoginsenoside SFt1 (3); ginsenoside Rh2 (4); ginsenoside Rg3 (5) and notoginsenoside L1 (6). Except for compound 3, which was isolated from the leaves for the first time, the other five compounds are reported from this species for the first time. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay of the pure isolated compounds revealed that compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited significant activities, with IC50 values of 133.5, 105.5, and 14.9, respectively. For comparison, the positive control, acarbose, had an IC50 value of 138.2 µM.

Vietnam boasts a rich and diverse flora, with many endemic species. Among them, Ngoc Linh ginseng (Vietnamese ginseng; scientific name: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a high-value endemic ginseng species, has been recognized as a national treasure. While numerous studies have been conducted on its rhizomes and roots, research on its leaves remains limited. In this study, six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their structures were elucidated using ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparisons with known literature data. The identified compounds are: 12β,20(R),25-β trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1); 12β,20(R),25-trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2); notoginsenoside SFt1 (3); ginsenoside Rh2 (4); ginsenoside Rg3 (5) and notoginsenoside L1 (6). Except for compound 3, which was isolated from the leaves for the first time, the other five compounds are reported from this species for the first time. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay of the pure isolated compounds revealed that compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited significant activities, with IC50 values of 133.5, 105.5, and 14.9, respectively. For comparison, the positive control, acarbose, had an IC50 value of 138.2 µM.

Objective: The risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from schoolchildren to their household and the protective effects of vaccination in these settings remain poorly understood. We assessed the transmission dynamics of schoolchildren with SARS-CoV-2 within their households and the protective effects of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination among household members in Viet Nam. Methods: We estimated the attack rate, vaccine effectiveness and adjusted risk ratio (aRR) of factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission to household contacts of children confirmed to have COVID-19 who attended three schools in Ha Nam, Phu Tho and Thanh Hoa provinces between September and December 2021 using multivariable regression with household-level random effects. Results: This retrospective cohort study included 157 children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and their 540 household contacts. The attack rate among household contacts was 24.6% (133/540). Overall, vaccine effectiveness among household contacts was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1 to -63), higher among males than females and higher in adults aged >40 years. COVID-19 transmission was greater among female household contacts compared with males (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.95), although not statistically significant, and highest among those aged 19–39 years (aRR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.50 to 4.21). Fully vaccinated household contacts had significantly lower infection risk (aRR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.84). Discussion: We found substantial onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from schoolchildren to household members, and older people were more likely to be protected by vaccination. We recommend that schoolchildren and all household members living with schoolchildren receive at least two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. Recognizing the role of schoolchildren in the onward transmission of COVID-19 is an important lesson learned by Viet Nam that can help not only in managing other outbreaks but also in protecting schoolchildren by predicting the progress of the outbreak and preparing for a timely response.

Objectives: The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increased, particularly among individuals who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Health literacy is considered a “social vaccine” that helps people respond effectively to the pandemic. We aimed to investigate the association between long COVID-19 and PTSD, and to examine the modifying role of health literacy in this association. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 18 hospitals and health centers in Vietnamfrom December 2021 to October 2022. We recruited 4,463 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 infection for at least 4 weeks. Participants provided information about their sociodemographics, clinical parameters, health-related behaviors, health literacy (usingthe 12-item short-form health literacy scale), long COVID-19 symptoms and PTSD (Impact Event Scale-Revised score of 33 or higher). Logistic regression models were used to examine associations and interactions. Results: Out of the study sample, 55.9% had long COVID-19 symptoms, and 49.6% had PTSD.Individuals with long COVID-19 symptoms had a higher likelihood of PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63–2.12; p < 0.001). Higher health literacy was associated with a lower likelihood of PTSD (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99; p = 0.001). Compared to those without long COVID-19 symptoms and the lowest health literacy score, those with long COVID-19 symptoms and a 1-point health literacy increment had a 3% lower likelihood of PTSD (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96–0.99; p = 0.001). Conclusion Health literacy was found to be a protective factor against PTSD and modified the negative impact of long COVID-19 symptoms on PTSD.

Vietnam boasts a rich and diverse flora, with many endemic species. Among them, Ngoc Linh ginseng (Vietnamese ginseng; scientific name: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a high-value endemic ginseng species, has been recognized as a national treasure. While numerous studies have been conducted on its rhizomes and roots, research on its leaves remains limited. In this study, six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their structures were elucidated using ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparisons with known literature data. The identified compounds are: 12β,20(R),25-β trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1); 12β,20(R),25-trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2); notoginsenoside SFt1 (3); ginsenoside Rh2 (4); ginsenoside Rg3 (5) and notoginsenoside L1 (6). Except for compound 3, which was isolated from the leaves for the first time, the other five compounds are reported from this species for the first time. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay of the pure isolated compounds revealed that compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited significant activities, with IC50 values of 133.5, 105.5, and 14.9, respectively. For comparison, the positive control, acarbose, had an IC50 value of 138.2 µM.

Vietnam boasts a rich and diverse flora, with many endemic species. Among them, Ngoc Linh ginseng (Vietnamese ginseng; scientific name: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), a high-value endemic ginseng species, has been recognized as a national treasure. While numerous studies have been conducted on its rhizomes and roots, research on its leaves remains limited. In this study, six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their structures were elucidated using ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparisons with known literature data. The identified compounds are: 12β,20(R),25-β trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1); 12β,20(R),25-trihydroxydammara-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2); notoginsenoside SFt1 (3); ginsenoside Rh2 (4); ginsenoside Rg3 (5) and notoginsenoside L1 (6). Except for compound 3, which was isolated from the leaves for the first time, the other five compounds are reported from this species for the first time. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay of the pure isolated compounds revealed that compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited significant activities, with IC50 values of 133.5, 105.5, and 14.9, respectively. For comparison, the positive control, acarbose, had an IC50 value of 138.2 µM.