Background: Cancer is not only a physiological disease but also a complex condition that profoundly affects an individual’s psychological well-being and social relationships. Misconceptions about cancer within the public, including its association with death and the tendency to attribute blame to patients as being “personally responsible,” contribute to the development of social stigma among cancer survivors. This stigma negatively impacts patients’ engagement in treatment and their quality of life, highlighting the need to assess societal attitudes based on survivors’ lived experiences. Aim: To examine the everyday lived experiences of cancer survivors, measure perceived social stigma, and identify psychological challenges as well as sources of support. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. In the quantitative component, the Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS) and the Attitudes Toward Cancer Questionnaire (ATCQ) were translated and their content validity was evaluated by an expert panel using the Content Validity Index (CVI), followed by pilot testing to confirm feasibility (FVI). In the qualitative component, focus group discussions were conducted with cancer survivors, and coping ability was assessed using psychological assessment tools. Result: A total of 207 participants (68% female; mean age 33.82±13.7 years) were included in the quantitative study. Participants experienced a moderate level of cancer-related stigma, with negative attitudes most strongly associated with perceptions of disease severity and individual responsibility. Qualitative findings revealed that physician communication and family support played a decisive role in psychological responses at the time of diagnosis disclosure. Excessive sympathy or social distancing increased psychological distress, whereas normal interpersonal interaction and realistic encouragement were identified as the most effective forms of support. Conclusion To improve psychosocial support for cancer survivors, it is essential to enhance healthcare professionals’ communication skills, promote accurate public understanding of cancer, and strengthen the sustainability of survivor support group activities.

Background: The average age at menarche (AAM) among girls is influenced by various factors, including the socioeconomic status of the country, geographical location, and anthropometric characteristics. In Mongolia, limited research has been conducted on this topic Aim: This study aimed to compare the mean age at menarche among girls living in Bayanzürkh District of Ulaanbaatar and those in Uvs Province. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2025. The study participants included schoolgirls aged 8 years and older from general education schools located in Bayanzürkh District and Uvs Province. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.5.1 (RStudio 2025.05.1-513) Results: A total of 486 girls participated in the study. The mean age at menarche among the participants was 12.23±1.29 years. The mean age at menarche among girls aged 8–18 years in Bayanzürkh District was 11.84±1.19 years, while that among girls aged 8–18 years in Uvs Province was 12.97±1.15 years. Thus, girls in Bayanzürkh District experienced menarche 1.13 years earlier on average than those in Uvs Province. The difference in mean AAM between urban (Ulaanbaatar) and rural (Uvs Province) girls was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion The mean age at menarche among girls residing in Bayanzürkh District was significantly lower than that of girls living in Uvs Province, indicating a tendency toward earlier onset of menarche in urban areas.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than a million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are registered in the world every day. Our country is among the countries with a concentrated spread of HIV infection among the population at risk According to the WHO classification. Although Mongolia is one of the countries with a low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, it is considered to a country with a high risk of STD caused from the location in the middle of the two countries where the HIV infection is spreading as fastest, thus it is important to study. Purpose: The aim is to study the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the population of Ulaanbaatar. Material and Method: The study was conducted using a single-moment descriptive research design. The following information was obtained from the statistics of the Health Development Center. Including as following:
• Annual indicators of the disease: Statistical data of sexually transmitted diseases between 2017- 2021 (Ulaanbaatar city)
• Annual indicators of the disease: 2017-2021 statistical data on the state of sexually transmitted diseases (city average and provincial average) Result: Considering the prevalence rate of sexually transmitted infections per 10,000 population by age group, as of 2017-2021, the population aged 20-39 had the highest rate of infection with 9.4-154.2 cases, and in 2018, the population aged 30-39 had 146.2 cases was the highest. In terms of the source of infection, 83.1 percent of the total cases in 2017-2021 were sexually transmitted.
Comparing the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the population of Ulaanbaatar by location and the number of cases per 10,000 population, as of 2017-2021, Bagakhangai district had more cases in 2017 and 2019, and Sukhbaatar district had 221.4 cases in 2018, which was the highest in the 5-year period, Nalaikh district recorded 64.7 cases in 2020 and 48.4 in 2021, which was the district with the highest number of cases in these years.
In terms of education, people with secondary education or below accounted for 94.1 percent of all cases in the 5-year average.
About the marriage status, 35.9 percent of all cases registered in 2017 were never married, and 53.5 percent were married. As of 2018-2021, there has been no significant increase or decrease in this indicator. Conclusion
1. During 2017-2021, the cases of sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis) per 10,000 population was in 2018, the incidence of infection decreased by 2.7 cases, in 2019 it increased by 7 cases, and in 2020 it decreased by 2.2 cases, in 2021, it decreased by 18.3 cases from the previous year, and it is believed that sexually transmitted diseases are expected to decrease in the future.
2. The average rate of syphilis infection (2017-2021) per 10,000 population in Ulaanbaatar was 4.4 cases higher than the average of the provinces, the average of 4.1 cases of gonorrhea infection is likely to increase, and the average of trichomoniasis was 13.4 cases or was equal to average of the provinces and Ulaanbaatar. The problem affecting the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is related to the level of education of the citizens. 9 out of 10 people have completed secondary education or less.

Introduction: Globally, deaths from NCDs increased by 15% between 2010 and 2020 (44 million deaths), with an estimated 10.4 million deaths in Southeast Asia (WHO, 2020).
In this regard, a research was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of graduate students of secondary school about risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Purpose: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of secondary school graduate students of the about the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Material and Method: In the research, one school from the rural and four school from the urban settings were selected in the Ulaanbaatar city using a purposive deliberate sampling method. A total of 350 students were involved. The information was examined using questionnaires with 4 chapters and 65 questions, which were specifically designed to knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
The research was discussed and approved at the meeting of the Ethics Subcommittee of the “Ach” University on April 13, 2021. After providing detailed information about the research through the “Introductory Permit Form”, we contacted with the social worker in charge of the high school students to obtain permission to include students in the research and received formal confirmation via Gmail. Result: 30.3 percent of the respondents said that they allow smoking in the ger, but 18.9 percent do not. 42% of the respondents said that the reason for not eating fruits and vegetables is that they are expensive and do not believe in the quality of imported fruits and vegetables, while 77.8 % have a negative habit of adding salt to their food. 29.4% do not know how to be active, 29.4% do not like to be active, when asking how many hours a day do you exercise, 46.6 percent answered 15 minutes, 37.4 percent 30 minutes, 8.9 percent 45 minutes and 6.4 percent 60 minutes. When answering a question to clarify knowledge about the use of the Internet, 50.9% percent said it was 1-2 hours, 6.4 percent - 30-45 minutes and when asking to find out how much time they use the Internet per day, 35.4% said 3-4 hours, 30% answered 5-6 hours, which have a negative habit. Conclusion
1. 80% of students involved in the research have sufficient knowledge about the risk factors for NCDs.
2. 70% have a positive attitude towards risk factors for NCDs.
3. 60% lead a healthy behavior, but the remaining 40% need to be developed and habituate healthy behaviors and practice.

More than 150 million young people worldwide smoke; 81% of adolescents do not get enough exercise; 11.7% of adolescents drink alcohol and 41 million children under the age of 5 are overweight or obese. There were read and reviewed the 2011 and 2019 international and domestic literatures on prevalence and risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents. We tried to summarise the risk factors for noncomminiable disease among adolescents.

Background: Nucleic acid sequencing is a multi-step process taken place in medical research or diagnostic laboratories. Since the emerge of second generation sequencing technology generally referred as next generation sequencing (NGS), the mass parallel reads covering human genome or transcriptome is achieved by cost cut down over thousand folds. Though the technology made tremendous push forward to various applications, its data analysis time and effort still takes worrisome time and human effort, bringing the emerge of next-step demand: targeted mass sequencing of only desired part from human genome or transcriptome with lower material cost and labor. By targeted sequencing, both run cost and data analysis process can be further cut down, and the read results are more reliable on changes such as determining varied number of repeats, heterozygote alleles, deletions, chromosomal scale abnormality and more. Objective: In this study, we explored the utilization of biotinylated RNA baits on captured sequencing of cancer marker genes functional regions. Method: Targeted NGS was achieved by capturing desired genomic regions using preparatory nucleic acid probes. RNA bait capturing of desired genomic regions has shown to have high specificity and quality.
The study was carried out with informed consent obtained from patients, with the approval №53 in 2018.03.15 by Medical Ethics committee, Ministry of Health, Mongolia. Result: By preparing library of biotinylated RNA baits with 75000 unique sequences, we achieved mass parallel sequencing of human 410 cancer-marker-genes’ exons and UTRs with average read depth ~760, and covered thousands of SNPs on 5 genomic DNA samples. Tissue samples derived from breast cancer and ovary cancer had SNP and deletion on 7 marker genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BRIP1, PTEN, TP53, RAD51C) not registered in database. Conclusion Experiments showed RNA baits with up to 117 nucleotide length, produced from ssDNA oligonucleotide stock, can be utilized to capture desired regions of human genome, and bring the cost of captured mass sequencing to 1500 USD, with 93.14-93.33% of Q30 read quality.

Aim and objectivesTo assess the community health seeking behavior, knowledge, attitude, practice and the attitude ofprimary health care providers and to determine methodologies for developing of voluntary attendanceof preventive screening services. This included:• Assessment of community knowledge, attitude and practice related with preventive healthservices and health seeking behavior;• Assessment of the attitude of primary health care providers on preventive healthservices;• Identify methodologies to establish a practice of voluntary attendance of preventivescreening services;Materials and MethodsIn this survey both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. 846 individuals wereinvolved in the quantitative survey and 112 family doctors, nurses, social workers of the selectedaimags and districts participated in the qualitative surveys.ResultsThough the participants demonstrate knowledge that the primary health care facilities should beapproached on the initiative of the patients themselves (85%), while healthy (50%) and for earlydetection of a disease (70%), this knowledge on preventive care is not evolving into actual practiceas most of them visit the primary care facilities only as they become sick (70%). The communityparticipants demonstrate incorrect attitude that preventive services do not require personal initiativesand engagement of patients (42%), primary care facilities are visited in order to obtain a referral tothe next level of care (46%), primary care facilities should be visited only when there are symptoms ofdiseases (32%) and only when the patient has free time. The participants of the survey also noted theinsufficient attitude and communication manners of the doctors and health professionals (31%), thatpatients are not received with smile when they visit for preventive screening (60%), dissatisfaction withthe services of primary care facilities (28%).ConclusionsThe majority of the respondents know that visit to primary health care clinic for health check-up isrequired. Although most of the participants demonstrate knowledge that primary health care unitsshould be visited voluntarily for preventive screening services, most do not practice this knowledge.The attitude of most of the participants was that the benefit of visiting a primary care facility is obtaininga referral to the specialist doctor. One out of three of the survey participants had an incorrect attitude asthey perceive that health check-up is only necessary if a patient is sick with one or more conditions.