PURPOSE: To determine the relationship of illnesses and medical drug consumption with the occurrence of traffic accidents among truck and bus drivers. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study on truck and bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. The criteria for participating in this study were: married males over 30 years old, driving license in grade one, five years of job experience, mental health and non-addiction license. The criterion for not participating in this study was the lack of cooperation in responding to the questions. Six months was spent to collect the latest five years data of driving accidents from 2011 to 2016. A total of 323 truck and bus drivers in Tehran city and the suburbs, Iran were chosen. Among them, 112 were responsible for accidents (accident group) while 211 were not responsible for any accidents or involved in an accident in the last five years (non-accident group). A specially designed questionnaire was used to investigate the demographic information, medical drug consumption, medical backgrounds and history of accidents. RESULTS: The results revealed that compared with healthy subjects, the occurrence of accidents among people with diabetes (OR = 2.3, p = 0.001) and vision weakness (OR = 1.7, p = 0.020) was significantly higher, while that among people with cardiac (OR = 0.5, p = 0.002) and hypertension (OR = 0.9, p = 0.048) problems was remarkably lower. Moreover, consumption of Gemfibrozil (OR = 1.8, p = 0.010) and Glibenclamide (OR = 2.2, p = 0.002) drugs resulted in significantly higher incidence of accidents than those without. CONCLUSION Frequencies of illnesses like cardiovascular and hypertension were not higher in accident drivers than in non-accident drivers; but diabetes, vision weakness and consumption of Gemfibrozil and Glibenclamide lead to more traffic accidents.
Accidents, Traffic ; statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Automobile Driving ; statistics & numerical data ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Drug Utilization ; statistics & numerical data ; Gemfibrozil ; administration & dosage ; Glyburide ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Incidence ; Iran ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vision Disorders ; epidemiology

BACKGROUNDMedical misuse of antibiotics is associated with the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance, resulting in a lack of effective drugs and increased health-care cost. Nevertheless, inappropriate antibiotic use in China remains common and the situation requires urgent improvement. Here, we analyzed the prescriptions of antibiotics and evaluated the rationality of antibiotic use among outpatients in Beijing general hospitals during 2015.

METHODSWe collected basic medical insurance claim data from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 in 507 general hospitals of Beijing. A descriptive analysis of outpatient antibiotic prescribing was performed. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification/defined daily doses system was used to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use.

RESULTSOver the study, an estimated 721,930, 613,520, and 822,480 antibiotics were dispensed in primary, secondary, and tertiary general hospitals corresponding to 5.09%, 5.06%, and 2.53% of all prescriptions, respectively. Antibiotic combinations represented 2.95%, 7.74%, and 10.18% of the total antibiotic prescriptions, respectively. Expenditure for the top twenty antibiotics in primary, secondary, and tertiary general hospitals was RMB 42.92, 65.89, and 83.26 million Yuan, respectively. Cephalosporins were the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotic in clinical practice. The antibiotics used inappropriately included azithromycin enteric-coated capsules, compound cefaclor tablets and nifuratel nysfungin vaginal soft capsules in primary hospitals, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium dispersible tablets (7:1) and cefonicid sodium for injection in secondary hospitals, cefminox sodium for injection and amoxicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium for injection in tertiary hospitals.

CONCLUSIONSAntibiotic use in Beijing general hospitals is generally low; however, inappropriate antibiotic use still exists. Inappropriately used antibiotics should be subject to rigorous control and management, and public policy initiatives are required to promote the judicious use of antibiotics.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Amoxicillin ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cephalosporins ; therapeutic use ; China ; Drug Prescriptions ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEA Dengue outbreak was reported in Dongfen town Jianou county, Fujian province on September 19, 2014. The goal of this project was to explore the role of syndromic surveillance program in the practice of early detection on disease outbreak through the case mentioned above.

METHODSThe authors retrospectively collected data related to Outpatient log and Pharmacy drug use in Dongfen township hospital through the electronic information system of the hospital from August to November, 2014. All the abnormal events were recorded, according to related data on fever and drug use. Description of fever, syndromic characteristics, correlation and Linear regression analyses were conducted, using the surveillance data on fever syndrome and drug use from the pharmacy.

RESULTSA total of 1 102 cases with fever and 2 437 fever-related clinic visits were reported which showing an increased number of 19.6, 10.2 times respectively, when compared to the same period of the previous year in which men accounted for 45.3% (499/1 102) and female accounted for 54.7% (603/1 102). Age groups presented an atypical type " M" type. 5 and 10 year olds groups formed the largest proportion, accounted for 11.5% (127/1 102) of the total number os the patients. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.85 to 0.97 (P<0.05). Data from the syndromic surveillance program showed an " outbreak" was occured in August 23, 2014.

CONCLUSIONSCompared to routine surveillance program, the syndromic surveillance program could detect the appearence of an outbreak, a month or even more earlier. The role of syndromic surveillance program needs to be further explored.

Data Collection ; Dengue ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Drug Prescriptions ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Fever ; etiology ; Health Information Systems ; Humans ; Male ; Pharmacy Service, Hospital ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prescription behavior for outpatients in primary health care institutions of Yiyang and to provide scientific basis for promoting the rational use of drugs.
 METHODS: A multi-stage random sampling method was conducted in 21 primary health care institutions from Yiyang. Fifteen prescriptions were randomly selected in every month from each institution and a total of 3780 prescriptions were eventually collected in a year.
 RESULTS: Both the number of drugs and percentage of injection in a prescription were greater than the international standards. Children were more likely to be prescribed by multiple prescriptions, antibiotics prescriptions, hormones and injections prescriptions. The utilization of essential drug was more frequent in female. Antibiotics and hormones were more frequently used in summer and autumn season. Polypharmacy, antibiotics, injections and essential drugs were more frequently used in hospitals of small town. The skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases were often treated with multiple prescriptions, while the respiratory diseases were often treated with antibiotics, hormones and injections. Most primary health care institutions were at the upper limit of rational drug use.
 CONCLUSION The usage of prescription drug in most primary health care is rational, but some still surpass international standards. Thus, primary health care physicians should strictly control their prescriptions behavior.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Drug Prescriptions ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization Review ; Drugs, Essential ; Hormones ; Humans ; Injections ; Outpatients ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Primary Health Care

The relationship between the number of withdrawn/restricted drugs and socioeconomic, health, and welfare indicators were investigated in a comprehensive review of drug regulation information in the United Nations (UN) countries. A total of of 362 drugs were withdrawn and 248 were restricted during 1950-2010, corresponding to rates of 12.02+/-13.07 and 5.77+/-8.69 (mean+/-SD), respectively, among 94 UN countries. A socioeconomic, health, and welfare analysis was performed for 33 OECD countries for which data were available regarding withdrawn/restricted drugs. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP per hour worked, health expenditure per GDP, and elderly population rate were positively correlated with the numbers of withdrawn and restricted drugs (P<0.05), while the out-of-pocket health expenditure payment rate was negatively correlated. The number of restricted drugs was also correlated with the rate of drug-related deaths (P<0.05). The World Bank data cross-validated the findings of 33 OECD countries. The lists of withdrawn/restricted drugs showed markedly poor international agreement between them (Fleiss's kappa=-0.114). Twenty-seven drugs that had been withdrawn internationally by manufacturers are still available in some countries. The wide variation in the numbers of drug withdrawals and restrictions among countries indicates the need to improve drug surveillance systems and regulatory communication networks.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Utilization/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Gross Domestic Product/*statistics & numerical data ; *Health Status Indicators ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Internationality ; *Life Expectancy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Social Welfare/economics/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Statistics as Topic ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTIONThere is a high prevalence of polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use in Singapore nursing homes. This study primarily explored the benefits of pharmacist reviews in local nursing homes. The secondary aims were to review the potential cost savings gained from following the pharmacists' recommendations and to identify the possible risks associated with polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use.

METHODSA retrospective period prevalence study was performed. We analysed the pharmacotherapy problems highlighted by pharmacists in three nursing homes and the rate of acceptance of pharmacists' recommendations. Data was collected in two phases: (a) a one-month pre-setup period, during which 480 patients were reviewed (i.e. one-time review before weekly pharmacist visits); and (b) a six-month post-setup period, during which the 480 patients were reviewed again. Pharmacotherapy problems were classified according to a clinical pharmacist recommendation taxonomy and potential risks were identified. Monthly cost savings were calculated and compared with the monthly costs of pharmacist reviews.

RESULTSA total of 392 pharmacotherapy problems were identified, with pharmacist recommendations noted for each problem. Among the 392 recommendations, 236 (60.2%) were accepted. The pharmacotherapy problems were analysed for potential risks, including falls (16.0%) and constipation (13.1%). The acceptance rates were higher during the post-setup period compared to the pre-setup period (p < 0.0001). Total direct acquisition cost savings during the pre- and post-setup periods were SGD 388.30 and SGD 876.69, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe provision of pharmaceutical care to nursing home residents resulted in improved medication safety and quality of care.

Aged ; Drug Costs ; Drug Utilization Review ; economics ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Inappropriate Prescribing ; economics ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Nursing Homes ; Pharmaceutical Services ; economics ; Pharmacists ; Polypharmacy ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk ; Singapore

INTRODUCTIONAntimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASP) can reduce antibiotic use but patient safety concerns exist. We evaluated the safety of prospective carbapenem review and feedback and its impact on carbapenem use and patient outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAfter 3 months implementation of our ASP, we compared patients with and without acceptance of ASP recommendations on the use of carbapenems. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included duration of carbapenem use, length of hospitalisation, clinical response, microbiological clearance, 30-day readmission and mortality at discharge.

RESULTSOf 226 recommendations for 183 patients, 59.3% was accepted. De-escalation, switching to oral antibiotics and antibiotic cessation comprised 72% of recommendations. Patients with acceptance of ASP recommendations had lower 30-day mortality and higher end-of-therapy clinical response despite shorter carbapenem duration (P <0.05). Predictors of 30-day mortality were Pitt bacteraemia score (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.74; P = 0.004) and non-acceptance of ASP recommendations (aOR 2.84, 95% CI, 1.21 to 6.64; P = 0.016).

CONCLUSIONOur prospective carbapenem review and feedback mainly comprising of reducing carbapenem use is safe.

Carbapenems ; therapeutic use ; Drug Utilization ; standards ; Feedback ; Guideline Adherence ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Patient Safety ; Pharmaceutical Services ; Treatment Outcome

In order to increase inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and to reduce hospitalization, emergency department visits and ultimately the economic burden of asthma, "Korean Asthma Management Guideline for Adults 2007" was developed. To assess the guideline effects on physician's ICS prescription for asthma, we conducted segmented regression and multilevel logistic regression using National Health Insurance claims database of outpatient visits from 2003 to 2010. We set each quarter of a year as a time unit and compared ICS prescription between before and after guideline dissemination. A total of 624,309 quarterly visits for asthma was observed. The ICS prescription rate before and after guideline dissemination was 13.3% and 16.4% respectively (P < 0.001). In the segmented regression, there was no significant guideline effect on overall ICS prescription rate. In multilevel logistic regression analyses, the effect of guideline on overall ICS prescription was not significant (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06). In subgroup analysis, ICS prescription increased in secondary care hospitals (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30) and in general hospitals (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16). However, in primary clinics, which covered 81.7% of asthma cases, there was no significant change (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94-1.02). From the in-depth interview, we could identify that the reimbursement criteria of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service and patient's preference for oral drug were barriers for the ICS prescription. The domestic asthma clinical guideline have no significant effect on ICS prescription, especially in primary clinics.
Administration, Inhalation ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*administration & dosage ; Allergy and Immunology/standards ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage ; Asthma/*drug therapy/*epidemiology ; Drug Prescriptions/*statistics & numerical data ; Guideline Adherence/*utilization ; Humans ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Medicine/standards ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Treatment Outcome

We investigated trends in perioperative chemotherapy use, and determined factors associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) use in Korean patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We recruited 1,324 patients who had MIBC without nodal invasion or metastases and had undergone radical cystectomies (RC) between 2003 and 2013. The study's cut-off time for AC was three months after surgery, and the study's timespan was divided into three periods based on NAC use, namely, 2003-2005, 2006-2009, and 2010-2013. Complete remission was defined as histologically confirmed T0N0M0 after RC. NAC and AC were administered to 7.3% and 18.1% of the patients, respectively. The median time interval between completing NAC and undergoing RC was 32 days and the mean number of cycles was 3.2. The median time interval between RC and AC was 43 days and the mean number of cycles was 4.1. Gemcitabine and cisplatin were most frequently used in combination for NAC (49.0%) and AC (74.9%). NAC use increased significantly from 4.6% between 2003 and 2005 to 8.4% between 2010 and 2013 (P < 0.05), but AC use did not increase. Only 1.9% of patients received NAC and AC. Complete remission after NAC was achieved in 12 patients (12.5%). Multivariable modeling revealed that an advanced age, the earliest time period analyzed, and clinical tumor stage < or = cT2 bladder cancer were negatively associated with NAC use (P < 0.05). While NAC use has slowly increased over time, it remains an underutilized therapeutic approach in Korean clinical practice.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/trends/utilization ; Cystectomy/trends/*utilization ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Female ; Health Services Misuse/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth/*pathology ; Neoadjuvant Therapy/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*pathology/*therapy

Participation in a screening program by itself may not improve clinical outcomes. Treatment gaps in the program may limit its full benefit. We evaluated statin prescription rates for subjects with sustained hypercholesterolemia to assess the treatment gaps in the National Health Screening Program (NHSP) in Korea. A retrospective, random cohort was established among National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) members. Finally, we examined 465,499 individuals who attended the NHSP from 2003 to 2010 without any history of dyslipidemia, statin prescription, or hospitalization for cardiovascular events until the end of 2002. The subsequent statin prescription rates were identified from the NHIC medical service claim database from 2003 to 2011. Descriptive data and odds ratio from multivariate logistic analyses on statin prescription rates and the corresponding correlations were evaluated. The NHSP detected 114,085 (24.5%) cases of newly diagnosed hypercholesterolemia. However, only 8.6% of these received statin prescription within 6 months of diagnosis. For cases of sustained hypercholesterolemia determined in the next screening visit by the NHSP, the statin prescription rate increased, but only to 12.2%. Statin prescriptions were more common among females, older individuals, and hypertension or diabetes patients. Furthermore, the statin prescription rates had increased over the study period. The NHSP exhibited low statin prescription rate which has been improving. For the NHSP to be effective, it would be worthwhile to decrease the gap between the diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia and the following treatment.
Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; Healthcare Disparities/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Hypercholesterolemia/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Insurance Claim Reporting/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Mass Screening/*utilization ; Middle Aged ; National Health Programs/*utilization ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult