Upper airway allergic disease in children refers to chronic non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper airway caused by allergic inflammation. These diseases have high prevalences and great harm. Attentions should be paid to the treatment of these diseases. Oral antihistamines play an important role in the treatment of allergic diseases. However, there are many types of antihistamines. How to select appropriate antihistamines according to the age and characteristics of children to treat upper airway allergic diseases is a concern of pediatricians. Therefore, the Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Committee of the Chinese Association for the Promotion of Human Health Science and Technology organized relevant experts to form this consensus, in order to guide the use of oral antihistamines in children with upper airway allergic diseases.
Humans ; Child ; Histamine Antagonists/administration & dosage* ; Administration, Oral ; Consensus ; Hypersensitivity/drug therapy*

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening dermatological emergency characterized by extensive epidermal necrosis and detachment, along with significant mucous membrane erosions and systemic symptoms. While conventional medications such as sulfonamides and anticonvulsants are known triggers, recent reports suggest that herbal medications can also induce TEN. This case report highlights the development of TEN in a patient with invasive cervical cancer following the use of an herbal supplement.

A 48-year-old Filipino woman with newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer developed TEN after taking an herbal supplement containing 23 botanical extracts. Despite discontinuing the supplement, her condition rapidly worsened, with vesicles and bullae progressing to epidermal detachment over 90% of her body surface area. A histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of TEN. The patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids and supportive care, achieving full recovery within 14 days.

This case underscores the potential risks associated with herbal medications, particularly in vulnerable patients such as those with cancer. Although conventional pharmaceuticals are the primary culprits for TEN, this report highlights the need for greater awareness of herbal medicine-induced adverse drug reactions. Underreporting of such events, due to lack of awareness among patients and healthcare providers, further complicates the issue. This case emphasizes the need for strengthened regulatory policies and enhanced education to safeguard public health amidst the increasing use of herbal remedies worldwide.

Over-the-counter medications are readily available and convenient. However, intake may result in cutaneous adverse reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). The need to differentiate the disease to similar pustular diseases such as pustular psoriasis and subcorneal pustular dermatosis is essential, to give way to proper patient management. Its appearance with psoriasis vulgaris is uncommon.

We highlight a 36-year-old Filipino female with a known case of psoriasis vulgaris, undergoing phototherapy with good compliance and response, who took one dose of mefenamic acid due to headache. Three days after, she presented with multiple, pin-point pustules surrounded by multiple, erythematous plaques and desquamative scales over the body, including non-psoriatic areas.

A skin punch biopsy on the left arm revealed that the epidermis shows a subcorneal pustule with spongiosis and focal vacuolar alteration at the base. The dermis showed edema and was infiltrated mainly of lymphohistocytes and eosinophils, consistent with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis.

Treatment with cyclosporine of 3.0 mkd was given, with topical corticosteroids of clobetasol 0.05% ointment mixed with petroleum jelly. Gradual tapering every two weeks was done, with 90% improvement. Blood pressure monitoring was done while on treatment. No recurrence of pustular lesions seen thereafter.

Apart from NSAIDs, beta-lactams, and beta-blockers are common causes of AGEP. There have been few published case reports about concomitant psoriasis vulgaris and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. To ascertain the diagnosis among subcorneal pustular dermatosis, pustular psoriasis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, clinical and histopathologic correlation should be done.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) are uncommon, severe cutaneous drug eruptions with distinct clinical and histopathological features. AGEP-SJS overlap is a rare and complicated cutaneous drug eruption. Neutrophilia, leukocytosis, and elevated liver enzymes can be seen in these patients. Currently, there are no available dermoscopic studies on AGEP overlapping SJS. The pathophysiology of overlapping drug reaction are mediated by T cells and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Management includes removal of offending drug and giving supportive measures like pain management, moist dressing and fluids.

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) are 100 times more at risk for cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare and severe cutaneous ADR associated with systemic involvement in 20% of cases.

This is a case of a 30-year-old male living with HIV admitted for acute gastroenteritis. Eight hours after initiation of intravenous ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, the onset of generalized monomorphic asymptomatic pustules was observed with associated weakness, fever, thrombocytosis, and neutrophilia. Ciprofloxacin was shifted to piperacillin-tazobactam. The patient was managed with intravenous hydrocortisone and oral cetirizine. Thereafter, the lesions remained stable in size and no new lesions occurred. The patient was referred to the dermatology service for further evaluation and management. A diagnostic workup was done which revealed subcorneal pustular dermatitis on histopathology, no fungal elements on periodic acid-Schiff stain, negative Gram stain, and no growth on culture. This case was diagnosed as AGEP secondary to ciprofloxacin. Dermatologic management consisted of oral antihistamines and topical steroids. The patient experienced generalized desquamation and gradual resolution of pustules over a two-week period with the eventual appearance of normal skin.

Ciprofloxacin is commonly used to treat opportunistic infections in the setting of HIV but it has never been documented to cause AGEP in such settings. Decreased CD4+ T-cell count (460 cells/µL) are factors associated with drug eruptions. Despite its toxic presentation, AGEP has a good prognosis with prompt withdrawal of the offending drug and supportive management.

Type 2 reversal reactions (erythema nodosum leprosum, ENL) are a significant cause of morbidity in multibacillary leprosy. These reactions are commonly managed with long-term corticosteroids, which pose many risks. This case report highlights the use of methotrexate as a steroid-sparing treatment for ENL.

A 35-year-old female diagnosed with lepromatous leprosy in March 2020 developed painful erythematous nodules two months into multi-drug therapy. Biopsy revealed lobular panniculitis with vasculitis, consistent with ENL. She was started on prednisone (50 mg/day), which was tapered over the next 3.5 years, fluctuating between 5-55 mg/day depending on lesion recurrence.

In August 2023, the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), necessitating PTB treatment. At this point, the decision was made to augment the patient’s prednisone (25 mg/day) with methotrexate (5 mg/week). Over a year, Methotrexate was increased to 10 mg/week while Prednisone was reduced to 10 mg/day. The patient reported a 60% improvement in lesion number and erythema. The goal is to continue to taper her Prednisone until it is discontinued.

The Philippines is a global priority country for leprosy, with over 90% of cases being classified as multibacillary (MB). Given that ENL is seen in up to half of all MB cases, accessible management options are necessary. Long-term corticosteroid use for ENL is unsustainable due to side effects. Methotrexate, a cost-effective alternative, showed promise in this case by reducing steroid dependence and improving clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to establish Methotrexate’s long-term efficacy and safety in managing ENL.

Humans ; Dapsone/adverse effects* ; Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology* ; Hypersensitivity ; Syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), also known as the multifactorial erythematous drug eruption, is a class of adverse reactions of the skin and mucous membranes primarily caused by drug allergy often involving the oral cavity, eyes, and external genital mucosa, generally accompanied by fever, and can be life-threatening in severe cases. In February 2022, the Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University admitted a patient with huge inflammatory hyperplasia of bilateral lingual margins secondary to SJS. Upon admission, no other obvious symptoms were observed except for tongue hyperplasia. The patient suffered from a severe adverse drug reaction caused by acetaminophen 2 months ago and was complicated by liver dysfunction and pulmonary infection. After 1 month of treatment and rehabilitation, he developed a secondary tongue mass and was subsequently admitted to Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Ward 2, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. After completing the examination, the tongue mass was surgically removed. After a follow-up of 11 months, the patient's condition was satisfactory and no temporary discomfort was observed. The case of tongue mass secondary to SJS is extremely rare. If a stomatologist encounters a similar case, we should carefully inquire about the drug allergy history and recent medication history, and be alert to whether or not they had adverse drug reactions recently.
Male ; Humans ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Hyperplasia/pathology* ; Skin ; Drug Hypersensitivity/pathology* ; Tongue

Omalizumab,as a biological agent targeting IgE,is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody and the first targeted drug approved for treating moderate-to-severe bronchial asthma.By reviewing one case of aspirin-induced asthma complicated with nasosinusitis and otitis media,we discussed the value of omalizumab in the treatment of asthma and its complications,aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.
Humans ; Omalizumab/adverse effects* ; Asthma, Aspirin-Induced ; Asthma/drug therapy* ; Otitis Media/drug therapy*

Pseudo-allergic reactions (PARs) widely occur upon application of drugs or functional foods. Anti-pseudo-allergic ingredients from natural products have attracted much attention. This study aimed to investigate anti-pseudo-allergic compounds in licorice. The anti-pseudo-allergic effect of licorice extract was evaluated in rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells. Anti-pseudo-allergic compounds were screened by using RBL-2H3 cell extraction and the effects of target components were verified further in RBL-2H3 cells, mouse peritoneal mast cells (MPMCs) and mice. Molecular docking and human MRGPRX2-expressing HEK293T cells (MRGPRX2-HEK293T cells) extraction were performed to determine the potential ligands of MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2), a pivotal target for PARs. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and licorice chalcone A (LA) were screened and shown to inhibit Compound48/80-induced degranulation and calcium influx in RBL-2H3 cells. GA and LA also inhibited degranulation in MPMCs and increase of histamine and TNF-α in mice. LA could bind to MRGPRX2, as determined by molecular docking and MRGPRX2-HEK293T cell extraction. Our study provides a strong rationale for using GA and LA as novel treatment options for PARs. LA is a potential ligand of MRGPRX2.
Animals ; Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Calcium/metabolism* ; Cell Degranulation ; Glycyrrhiza ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/drug therapy* ; Mast Cells/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism* ; Rats ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism* ; Receptors, Neuropeptide/therapeutic use*