Objective:To investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid on atherosclerosis (AS) in a mouse model.Methods:Twenty-four specific pathogen-free male ApoE-/- mice were adaptively fed for 1 week and then randomly divided into three groups ( n=8 per group): The model group, the atorvastatin group, and the chlorogenic acid group. All three groups were fed with a high-fat diet. Eight male C57BL/6N wild-type mice served as the control group and were fed with a standard diet. After 8 weeks, the atorvastatin group received intragastric administration of a solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride +2.6 mg/kg atorvastatin at 10 mL/kg, while the chlorogenic acid group received 0.9% sodium chloride +200 mg/kg chlorogenic acid at 10 mL/kg. The control and model groups were given an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride once a day. After 9 weeks of continuous treatment, the mice were anesthetized, and the aortas were collected for Oil Red O staining. Image J was used to measure plaque area and total vascular area, and the percentage was calculated. Liver tissues were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining to observe pathological changes. Blood samples from the abdominal aorta were collected to measure lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], liver function markers [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], and inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. Non-HDL-C levels were calculated as TC minus HDL-C. Results:Aortic lipid plaque area: The model group exhibited a significantly higher plaque area than the control group [(44.91±1.91)% vs. (0.21±0.11)%]. Both the atorvastatin group [(15.00±1.29)%] and the chlorogenic acid group [(26.13±2.16)%] showed reduced plaque areas compared to the model group ( P<0.05). Liver pathology: The control group displayed intact hepatocyte structure with regular morphology, whereas the model group exhibited significant steatosis. Both the atorvastatin and chlorogenic acid groups showed alleviated liver damage compared to the model group. Blood lipid levels: The model group had higher TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels than the control group [(30.3±4.0) mmol/L vs. (2.8±0.3) mmol/L, (1.26±0.32) mmol/L vs. (0.52±0.12) mmol/L, (3.02±0.39) mmol/L vs. (2.00±0.17) mmol/L, (14.87±5.23) mmol/L vs. (0.39±0.09) mmol/L, (27.3±4.0) mmol/L vs. (0.8±0.3) mmol/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(24.0±3.1), (0.64±0.08), (2.04±0.41), (8.55±1.15), (22.0±3.2) mmol/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(23.3±2.5), (0.88±0.14), (2.28±0.18), (8.90±0.29), (21.0±2.5) mmol/L] showed lower levels than the model group ( P<0.05). The model group had higher ALT, AST, and ALP levels than the control group [(274±43) U/L vs. (99±14) U/L, (130±66) U/L vs. (38±4) U/L, (86±15) U/L vs. (60±5) U/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(139±12), (58±16), (69±5) U/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(138±11), (55±16), (54±5) U/L] exhibited lower levels than the model group ( P<0.05). Inflammatory cytokines: The model group had higher IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels than the control group [(238±15) ng/L vs. (202±7) ng/L, (211±6) ng/L vs. (174±6) ng/L, (1 325±75) ng/L vs. (1 036±75) ng/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(215±9), (191±4), (1 163±78) ng/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(220±13), (195±7), (1 197±53) ng/L] showed reduced levels compared to the model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Chlorogenic acid may inhibit aortic lipid plaque deposition and ameliorate AS in mice by improving lipid metabolism and suppressing inflammatory responses.

At present, the cause of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in China has entered a new period of high-quality development. How to strengthen the foundation for the TCM industry from the source is an important issue that deserves the attention of the authorities, industry, and academia. This study systematically analyzed the regulatory system of TCM raw materials and preparations. The study took the TCM industry chain and the product life cycle as a clue and focused on the dimensions of TCM resource protection and plant cultivation(farming), production and quality supervision of TCM raw materials and preparations, and their market access and distribution. It analyzed the current situation of the regulation of TCM raw materials and preparations under the regulatory system of drugs, discussed the main problems, and put forward corresponding suggestions. The results can provide an important reference value for the subsequent improvement of the regulatory system of drugs and the construction of a prominent regulatory system of drugs in accordance with TCM characteristics.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/economics* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; China ; Quality Control ; Humans ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry*

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and dual antiplatelet therapy in the treatment of acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke.Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted,including 138 patients with acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke[National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score≤5]from January 2022 to March 2024,within 6 h of onset.Patients were divided into an intravenous thrombolysis group(66 cases)and a dual antiplatelet group(72 cases).Propensity score matching was used to match patients 1∶1,resulting in 44 patients in each group after matching.Demographic data,clinical data,clinical outcome indicators,and adverse events were collected.The primary outcome was defined as a good functional outcome[modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score 0-2]at 90 d post-onset.Secondary outcomes included NIHSS scores at 24 h,72 h,and 7 d post-onset;the proportion of early neurological deterioration;intracranial and systemic hemorrhagic events within 90 d post-onset;and death within 90 d.Results ①Before matching,the intravenous thrombolysis group had a lower age and admission mRS score than that of the dual antiplatelet group,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).After matching,there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,gender,hypertension,diabetes,cardiac disease,atrial fibrillation,hyper low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),hyperhomocysteinemia,prior stroke,prior smoking,admission NIHSS score,admission mRS score,location of stroke and TOAST classification(all P＞0.05);②There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients with a good functional outcome at 90 d post-onset and the mRS score at 90 d between the intravenous thrombolysis group and the dual antiplatelet group[88.6％(39/44)vs 93.2％(41/44),P=0.458,P=0.308];③ The intravenous thrombolysis group had significantly lower median NIHSS scores at 24 h and 72 h post-onset compared to the dual antiplatelet group,with statistically significant differences[1 vs 2.5,1 vs 2,P=0.018,0.043].There were no statistically significant differences in the other efficacy and safety outcomes.Conclusions Intravenous thrombolysis therapy can bring significant short-term benefits to patients with acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke,helping to shorten the time to recovery to a good neurological functional outcome,and does not increase the risk of bleeding and mortality.However,in terms of good functional outcomes at 90 d post-onset,its effects are similar to those of dual antiplatelet therapy.Nevertheless,there is an urgent need for larger sample,higher quality clinical studies to further validate these findings.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and dual antiplatelet therapy in the treatment of acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke.Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted,including 138 patients with acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke[National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score≤5]from January 2022 to March 2024,within 6 h of onset.Patients were divided into an intravenous thrombolysis group(66 cases)and a dual antiplatelet group(72 cases).Propensity score matching was used to match patients 1∶1,resulting in 44 patients in each group after matching.Demographic data,clinical data,clinical outcome indicators,and adverse events were collected.The primary outcome was defined as a good functional outcome[modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score 0-2]at 90 d post-onset.Secondary outcomes included NIHSS scores at 24 h,72 h,and 7 d post-onset;the proportion of early neurological deterioration;intracranial and systemic hemorrhagic events within 90 d post-onset;and death within 90 d.Results ①Before matching,the intravenous thrombolysis group had a lower age and admission mRS score than that of the dual antiplatelet group,with statistically significant differences(all P＜0.05).After matching,there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,gender,hypertension,diabetes,cardiac disease,atrial fibrillation,hyper low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),hyperhomocysteinemia,prior stroke,prior smoking,admission NIHSS score,admission mRS score,location of stroke and TOAST classification(all P＞0.05);②There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients with a good functional outcome at 90 d post-onset and the mRS score at 90 d between the intravenous thrombolysis group and the dual antiplatelet group[88.6％(39/44)vs 93.2％(41/44),P=0.458,P=0.308];③ The intravenous thrombolysis group had significantly lower median NIHSS scores at 24 h and 72 h post-onset compared to the dual antiplatelet group,with statistically significant differences[1 vs 2.5,1 vs 2,P=0.018,0.043].There were no statistically significant differences in the other efficacy and safety outcomes.Conclusions Intravenous thrombolysis therapy can bring significant short-term benefits to patients with acute mild non-disabling ischemic stroke,helping to shorten the time to recovery to a good neurological functional outcome,and does not increase the risk of bleeding and mortality.However,in terms of good functional outcomes at 90 d post-onset,its effects are similar to those of dual antiplatelet therapy.Nevertheless,there is an urgent need for larger sample,higher quality clinical studies to further validate these findings.

Objective:To investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid on atherosclerosis (AS) in a mouse model.Methods:Twenty-four specific pathogen-free male ApoE-/- mice were adaptively fed for 1 week and then randomly divided into three groups ( n=8 per group): The model group, the atorvastatin group, and the chlorogenic acid group. All three groups were fed with a high-fat diet. Eight male C57BL/6N wild-type mice served as the control group and were fed with a standard diet. After 8 weeks, the atorvastatin group received intragastric administration of a solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride +2.6 mg/kg atorvastatin at 10 mL/kg, while the chlorogenic acid group received 0.9% sodium chloride +200 mg/kg chlorogenic acid at 10 mL/kg. The control and model groups were given an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride once a day. After 9 weeks of continuous treatment, the mice were anesthetized, and the aortas were collected for Oil Red O staining. Image J was used to measure plaque area and total vascular area, and the percentage was calculated. Liver tissues were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining to observe pathological changes. Blood samples from the abdominal aorta were collected to measure lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], liver function markers [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], and inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. Non-HDL-C levels were calculated as TC minus HDL-C. Results:Aortic lipid plaque area: The model group exhibited a significantly higher plaque area than the control group [(44.91±1.91)% vs. (0.21±0.11)%]. Both the atorvastatin group [(15.00±1.29)%] and the chlorogenic acid group [(26.13±2.16)%] showed reduced plaque areas compared to the model group ( P<0.05). Liver pathology: The control group displayed intact hepatocyte structure with regular morphology, whereas the model group exhibited significant steatosis. Both the atorvastatin and chlorogenic acid groups showed alleviated liver damage compared to the model group. Blood lipid levels: The model group had higher TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels than the control group [(30.3±4.0) mmol/L vs. (2.8±0.3) mmol/L, (1.26±0.32) mmol/L vs. (0.52±0.12) mmol/L, (3.02±0.39) mmol/L vs. (2.00±0.17) mmol/L, (14.87±5.23) mmol/L vs. (0.39±0.09) mmol/L, (27.3±4.0) mmol/L vs. (0.8±0.3) mmol/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(24.0±3.1), (0.64±0.08), (2.04±0.41), (8.55±1.15), (22.0±3.2) mmol/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(23.3±2.5), (0.88±0.14), (2.28±0.18), (8.90±0.29), (21.0±2.5) mmol/L] showed lower levels than the model group ( P<0.05). The model group had higher ALT, AST, and ALP levels than the control group [(274±43) U/L vs. (99±14) U/L, (130±66) U/L vs. (38±4) U/L, (86±15) U/L vs. (60±5) U/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(139±12), (58±16), (69±5) U/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(138±11), (55±16), (54±5) U/L] exhibited lower levels than the model group ( P<0.05). Inflammatory cytokines: The model group had higher IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels than the control group [(238±15) ng/L vs. (202±7) ng/L, (211±6) ng/L vs. (174±6) ng/L, (1 325±75) ng/L vs. (1 036±75) ng/L, respectively]. Both the atorvastatin group [(215±9), (191±4), (1 163±78) ng/L] and the chlorogenic acid group [(220±13), (195±7), (1 197±53) ng/L] showed reduced levels compared to the model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Chlorogenic acid may inhibit aortic lipid plaque deposition and ameliorate AS in mice by improving lipid metabolism and suppressing inflammatory responses.

As a new class of acid inhibitors,potassium-competitive acid blocker(P-CAB)inhibits the conformational transition of H+,K+-ATPase with subsequent suppression of H+,K+exchanging by binding reversibly near the K+binding site of H+,K+-ATPase,which results in the inhibition of gastric acid secretion in a K+-competitive manner.The unique structure and novel mechanism of P-CAB contribute to the pharmaceutical characteristics superior to other PPIs,making it a new alternative for acid-related diseases(ARDs).Progress on pharmaceutical characteristics of P-CAB were reviewed in this paper.

Objective To establish and interpret of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 Edition),to determine particulate matter in pharmaceutical packaging materials,and to provide further guidance and support for the later use of the standard.Methods By reviewing the existing problems in the use of Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials standards(YBB standards)standards combined with the construction of new standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China,also about the validation data of the pharmaceutical packaging materials,the scope、testing methods、requirements and the experimental parameters of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China determination of particulate matter in pharmaceutical packaging materials are studied and interpreted in detail.Results Compared with the current YBB standard,the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China-determination of particulate matter in pharmaceutical packaging materials has solved the problems of incomplete application scope and unreasonable requirements and parameters in the YBB standard.Conclusion The content of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2025 Edition)determination of the particulate matter in drug packaging materials method is more scientific、applicable and operable.This method can standardize the determination of a particulate matter in drug packaging materials and can also play a supporting role in the construction of the standard system to promote industrial development.

Objective:To explore the immunological characteristics of peripheral blood and genetic variations of 11 immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-negative children with Talaromyces marneffei(TM) infection, thus enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic levels of TM infection in children. Methods:Clinical data of 11 HIV-negative children with TM infection who presented to Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University from January 2010 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including clinical characteristics, peripheral immune profile and genetic test results.Results:A total of 11 HIV-negative children with TM infections were recruited, involving 9 males and 2 females with a median age of 19 months.The main clinical manifestations were fever (10/11, 90.91%), cough (10/11, 90.91%) and hepatomegaly (7/11, 63.64%). Common severe complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (7/11, 63.64%) and septic shock (5/11, 45.45%). Finally, 2 children died.Transient neutropenia occurred in 6 cases (6/11, 54.55%), and lymphocytopenia combined with serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G decrease was observed in 4 cases (4/11, 36.36%). IgA decrease, IgM decrease, IgE decrease, IgM increase and IgE increase were observed in 6 cases, 3 cases, 5 cases, 3 cases, and 2 cases, respectively.Both T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts decreases was observed in 1 case.Genetic testing was performed in all recruited children, and genetic variations were detected in all of them.Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) were diagnosed in 8 cases, including 4 diagnosed as CD 40 ligand deficiency with CD40LG variation, 1 of severe combined immunodeficiency with IL2RG variation, 1 of Signal transduction and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)-hyper-IgE syndrome with STAT3 variation and 1 of familial candidiasis type 2 with CARD9 compound heterozygous mutations.In the other 3 cases, 2 carried genetic variations that were likely pathogenic, and 1 case was considered uncertain. Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of HIV-negative children with TM infection are atypical, which is characterized as serious complications and high mortality.Early identification and gene testing to detect potential IEIs can improve the prognosis of TM infection.

OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect and safety of Maiwei Yangfei Decoction(MWYF)in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type.METHODS A total of 58 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group with 29 cases in each group according to a 1:1 ratio.Two cases dropped out of the experimental group and three cases dropped out of the control group.The control group received standardized treatment of Western medicine,and the experimental group received MWYF on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The treatment course of both groups was 3 months.The TCM syndrome score,lung function,6-minute walking distance(6MWD),transcutaneous blood oxygen saturation(SpO2),high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT)score,St.George's respir-atory questionnaire(SGRQ)score and serum sialoglycoprotein antigen(KL-6)level of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.Blood routine and liver and kidney function of the two groups were detected before and after treatment,and the occurrence of adverse reactions during treatment was recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the total score of TCM syndrome of the two groups was significantly improved(P<0.01),and the experimental group was better than the control group(P<0.01);the DLCO%of the experi-mental group increased(P<0.05),and the experimental group was higher than the control group(P<0.05).The experimental group showed significant improvement in 6MWD,HRCT grid shadow,SGRQ symptom score and total score,and serum KL-6 level(P<0.05,P<0.01),which was better than the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).No serious adverse events occurred in either group dur-ing the treatment.CONCLUSION MWYF combined with standardized Western medicine treatment can effectively improve the clini-cal symptoms of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type,reduce the expression level of serum KL-6,and has a definite effect and good safety.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of fluorescent laparoscopy versus conventional laparoscopy for living-donor hepatectomy and explore the application value of fluorescent cholangiography in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LT) using left lateral lobe.Methods:From October 2016 to August 2023, retrospective analysis was conducted for the relevant clinical data from 302 recipients of laparoscopic left lateral lobe donor hepatectomy. There were 90 cases in conventional laparoscopy group and 212 cases in fluorescent laparoscopy group. After propensity score matching (PSM), 88 patients were enrolled into each group. The perioperative data such as operative duration, donor liver thermal ischemic time, number of graft bile duct openings, liver function parameters and complication rates at Day 1/3 postoperation of donors and recipients were compared between two groups. SPSS 27.0 statistical software was utilized for analysis. Independent sample t, Mann-Whitney U and chisquare tests were utilized for examining the inter-group differences. Results:In fluorescent laparoscopy group, the proportion of grafts with a single open left hepatic duct was 84.1 %(74/88) versus 70.5% (62/88) in conventional laparoscopy group with statistically significant difference ( P=0.031). No statistically significant inter-group differences existed in postoperative liver function recovery or short-term postoperative complications ( P>0.05 ). No statistically significant inter-group differences existed in short-term postoperative liver function recovery or hospitalization length ( P> 0.05). In terms of biliary complications, fluorescent laparoscopy group had no biliary complications while the incidence of biliary complications was 3.4% (3/88) in conventional laparoscopy group. However, inter-group difference was statistically insignificant ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusions:Living-donor LT using left lateral lobe under fluorescent laparoscopy may enhance the surgical safety for both donors and recipients.