Objective To explore the effect of aerobic calisthenics on sleep quality in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Forty children with ADHD(aged 9～11 years;mean age 9.83±0.76 years)were recruited from the pediatric outpatient department of some class-3 grade-A hospital in Beijing.They were randomized into an intervention group(n=21)and a control group(n=19).Both groups participated in standard school physical education programs,while the intervention group underwent 60-minute aerobic calisthenics exercise sessions three times weekly for 8 weeks.Before and after the intervention,the sleep condition was measured using the children's sleep habits questionnaire(CSHQ)and the three-axis acceleration recorder.The inter-group differenc-es in sleep dimensions were analyzed using independent samples t-tests,while the intra-group ones were evaluated using paired t-tests.Results(1)Inter-group comparison:Before the experiment,no sig-nificant differences were detected between the two groups in sleep characteristics.After the experi-ment,in comparison with the control group,there was a significant decrease in awakening time,aver-age awakening time,and sleep latency time of the intervention group,but a significant increase in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,as well as the sleep resistance and sleep delay scores,were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).(2)Intra-group com-parison:In the intervention group,after the experiment,there were significant reductions in awakening time and sleep latency time,and a significant enhancement in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,along with the scores of sleep resistance,sleep delay,and daytime sleepi-ness,decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the control group,the daytime sleepiness score decreased af-ter the experiment(P<0.05).Conclusion An 8-week aerobic calisthenics exercise(60 minutes/session,3 sessions/week)significantly improves overall sleep quality in children with ADHD.Therefore,it is worth application in the clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the sleep characteristics and executive function development in children aged 6-12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),and to examine the relationship between them.Methods:A total of 112 children diagnosed with ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),and 45 age-and gender-matched typically developing children were recruited.Sleep characteristics were assessed with the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire(CSHQ)and ActiGraph GT9X Link Three-axis acceleration body dynamometert.Core ADHD symptoms and multi-ple dimensions of executive function were evaluated withthe Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham scale,Fourth Edition(SNAP-Ⅳ)assessment scale,Stroop Color-Word Test(SCWT),Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test(ROCFT),and Trail Making Test(TMT).Results:Compared with controls,children with ADHD showed significantly higher total CSHQ scores,sleep resistance,sleep anxiety,and sleep maintenance time(P＜0.05),and had significantly lower sleep efficiencies measured by ActiGraph GT9X Link(P＜0.05).In the SCWT,children with ADHD re-quired more time in the word interference and color interference tests(P＜0.05).In the ROCFT,the scores of im-mediate details,delayed details,immediate structure,and delayed structure were lower in the children with ADHD(P＜0.05).In the TMT,the number of errors in the digit connection and the time and number of errors in the digit-letter connection were higher in the children with ADHD(P＜0.05).The total CSHQ scores of ADHD children were negatively correlated with the working memory scores and positively correlated with the core symptom scores.Conclusion:Children with ADHD exhibit notable sleep disturbance and underdeveloped executive func-tion.the sleep problems,as measured by CSHQ are associated significantly with deficits in executive function.

Objective To explore the effect of aerobic calisthenics on sleep quality in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Forty children with ADHD(aged 9～11 years;mean age 9.83±0.76 years)were recruited from the pediatric outpatient department of some class-3 grade-A hospital in Beijing.They were randomized into an intervention group(n=21)and a control group(n=19).Both groups participated in standard school physical education programs,while the intervention group underwent 60-minute aerobic calisthenics exercise sessions three times weekly for 8 weeks.Before and after the intervention,the sleep condition was measured using the children's sleep habits questionnaire(CSHQ)and the three-axis acceleration recorder.The inter-group differenc-es in sleep dimensions were analyzed using independent samples t-tests,while the intra-group ones were evaluated using paired t-tests.Results(1)Inter-group comparison:Before the experiment,no sig-nificant differences were detected between the two groups in sleep characteristics.After the experi-ment,in comparison with the control group,there was a significant decrease in awakening time,aver-age awakening time,and sleep latency time of the intervention group,but a significant increase in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,as well as the sleep resistance and sleep delay scores,were significantly lower in the intervention group(P<0.05).(2)Intra-group com-parison:In the intervention group,after the experiment,there were significant reductions in awakening time and sleep latency time,and a significant enhancement in sleep efficiency(P<0.05).Moreover,the total score of CSHQ,along with the scores of sleep resistance,sleep delay,and daytime sleepi-ness,decreased significantly(P<0.05).In the control group,the daytime sleepiness score decreased af-ter the experiment(P<0.05).Conclusion An 8-week aerobic calisthenics exercise(60 minutes/session,3 sessions/week)significantly improves overall sleep quality in children with ADHD.Therefore,it is worth application in the clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the sleep characteristics and executive function development in children aged 6-12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),and to examine the relationship between them.Methods:A total of 112 children diagnosed with ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),and 45 age-and gender-matched typically developing children were recruited.Sleep characteristics were assessed with the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire(CSHQ)and ActiGraph GT9X Link Three-axis acceleration body dynamometert.Core ADHD symptoms and multi-ple dimensions of executive function were evaluated withthe Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham scale,Fourth Edition(SNAP-Ⅳ)assessment scale,Stroop Color-Word Test(SCWT),Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test(ROCFT),and Trail Making Test(TMT).Results:Compared with controls,children with ADHD showed significantly higher total CSHQ scores,sleep resistance,sleep anxiety,and sleep maintenance time(P＜0.05),and had significantly lower sleep efficiencies measured by ActiGraph GT9X Link(P＜0.05).In the SCWT,children with ADHD re-quired more time in the word interference and color interference tests(P＜0.05).In the ROCFT,the scores of im-mediate details,delayed details,immediate structure,and delayed structure were lower in the children with ADHD(P＜0.05).In the TMT,the number of errors in the digit connection and the time and number of errors in the digit-letter connection were higher in the children with ADHD(P＜0.05).The total CSHQ scores of ADHD children were negatively correlated with the working memory scores and positively correlated with the core symptom scores.Conclusion:Children with ADHD exhibit notable sleep disturbance and underdeveloped executive func-tion.the sleep problems,as measured by CSHQ are associated significantly with deficits in executive function.

ObjectiveTo investigate the developmental characteristics of gross motor skills and executive functions, and the correlation between them in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsFrom November, 2020 to May, 2021, 90 children with ADHD were recruited from Peking University Sixth Hospital and Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School, and other 90 children with normal development from this primary school were recruited matched their age and gender. Gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development in Children, Third Edition (TGMD-3), and inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed with Stroop Color Words Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), respectively. ResultsThe TGMD-3 score was significantly lower in children with ADHD than in normal children (t = -6.275, P < 0.001), while the test results of SCWT, ROCFT and TMT were worse (|t| ≥ 1.986, P ≤ 0.05). The TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was negatively correlated with the word sense reaction time (r = -0.261), the number of word sense errors (r = -0.404) and the number of color errors (r = -0.326) (P < 0.05), positively correlated with the delayed structural memory scores (r = 0.228) (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the TMT-A reaction time (r = -0.255), the number of TMT-A errors (r = -0.329), TMT-B reaction time (r = -0.214) and the number of TMT-B errors (r = -0.474) (P < 0.05). Stratified linear regression analyses showed that the TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was significant only in predicting test results for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.05), with explanations of 8.7% and 22.5%, respectively. ConclusionDevelopments of both gross motor skills and executive function delay in children with ADHD, and there is a relation between them, especially the level of gross motor skills relating to the developments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

Objective To observe the electromyography characteristics of children's handwriting with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),and explore its electrophysiological mechanism,so as to provide an objective basis for developing non-pharmacological treatment for such children.Methods Between September 2021 and April 2022,29 ADHD children were recruited from an ordinary public primary school and the psychiatric clinic of a class-3 grade-A hospital in Beijing.Among them,25 were boys and 4 were girls,with an average age of 8.21±1.78 years.Meanwhile,23 male and 5 fe-male healthy counterparts were selected with the age gap no more than 6 months.The Delsys wireless surface EMG system was used to collect the electromyographic signals of the abductor pollicis breve,the first dorsal interosseous muscle,the flexor radial carpi motor and the extensor finger muscles dur-ing their writing tasks such as tracing trajectories,writing Arabic numerals 0-9,26 small and capital English letters,Chinese characters one to ten and"Yong".The percentage of the averaged electromyog-raphy(AEMG)of a muscle in the sum value of all measured muscles,and the coefficient of differ-ence were selected to evaluate the muscle contribution rate and the consistency of exertion,respective-ly.Moreover,the independent sample t-test was employed to compare the two different groups with the significance set at α=0.05.Results There was a significant difference in the muscle contribution of abductor pollicis breve and first dorsal interosseous muscles when writing Arabic numerals and that of abductor pollicis breve muscles when writing Chinese characters between ADHD children(27.29%,25.58%and 27.53%)and their healthy counterparts(42.87%,19.96%and 37.13%)(P<0.05).Most muscle differentiation coefficients of ADHD children were higher than 100%,with that of the domi-nant hand radial wrist flexor muscle reaching 270%in the trajectory tracing task.Conclusion Accord-ing to the characteristics of EMG signals,school-age ADHD children show an immature writing pat-tern,including poor stability of writing-related muscles,insufficient control of small finger muscle groups,poor control of hand coordination,and insufficient muscle inhibition of non-dominant hand.It is recommended to conduct the electromyoelectric assessment of handwriting movements in ADHD chil-dren,so as to carry out targeted intervention at an early stage.

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of fine motor skills of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in different sexes. MethodsFrom April, 2021 to April, 2023, 66 ADHD children from grades one to four in Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School were screened by psychiatrists, and other 69 ADHD children were recruited from hospitals and patient groups of WeChat, accounting to 135 ADHD children. Meanwhile, a total of 135 typically developed (TD) children matched with sex and age (< 0.5 year) were recruited from the same primary school as controls. They were assessed with Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) four subtests of manual dexterit. ResultsAfter controlling age, the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor of MABC-2 were less in ADHD boys and girls than in the TD boys and girls (P < 0.05). The main effect of sex was significant on the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor for ADHD children (F > 5.133, P < 0.05), and they were less in the boy than in the girls (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe development of fine motor delays in school-aged ADHD children, especially for the boys.