Objective:To evaluate the residual risk (RR) of transfusion transmitted HIV (TT-HIV) after the implementation of nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) in blood screening test among blood centers in China.Methods:The data of blood donors and HIV infection markers from 2017 to 2020 were collected from 28 blood centers via the Platform of Comparison of blood establishments Practice in Chinese Mainland. The new infection rate/window period mathematical model was used for two types of blood screening strategies, namely, two rounds ELISA plus individual NAT take turn with pooling NAT (2ELISA+ ID-NAT/MP-NAT) and two ELISA plus one round pooling NAT (2ELISA+ MP-NAT), and the RR of HIV infection was estimated also based on first donors (FDs) and repeated donors (RDs) in different blood donation years. T-test analyses were conducted for comparing TT HIV RR among FDs and RDs in different blood donation years with two blood screening strategies, and the variation trend of RR in HIV test was observed.Results:From 2017 to 2020, the RR of FDs in 2ELISA+ ID-NAT/MP-NAT blood screening strategy was 2.869/10 6 person-year, 3.795/10 6 persons-year, 3.879/10 6 person-year, and 2.890/10 6 person-year respectively. The RR of RDs was 1.797/10 6 person-year, 1.502/10 6 person-year, 1.857/10 6 person-year, and 1.483/10 6 person-year respectively. Significant difference exists between RR of FDs and RDs, with F=9.898 and p<0.05. In 2ELISA+ MP-NAT strategy, the RR of FDs was 3.508/10 6 person-year, 1.868/10 6 person-year, 2.204/10 6 person-year, and 1.765/10 6 person-year respectively. The RR of RDs was 0.948/10 6 person-year, 0.926/10 6 person-year, 0.748/10 6 person-year, and 0.682/10 6 person-year respectively. Statistical difference existed between RR of FDs and RDs, with F=17.126 and P<0.05. There was no significant difference between the RR of FDs in these two strategies with F=3.493 and P>0.05, while there was a difference between the RR of RDs in these two strategies with F=24.516 and P<0.05, and a difference between the RR of total donors (TDs) in these two strategies F=20.216 and P<0.05. Conclusions:The RR of TT HIV significantly decreased after the introduction of NAT into blood test among blood centers in China. There were some differences in the RR of HIV testing among different blood screening strategies. There could be significant differences in the RR of HIV testing among different groups of blood donors. Compared with FDs, RDs is the low risk group for HIV.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness on informational support of the parenting sense of competence and parenting stress in primiparas. Methods: Ninety-five primiparas in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were recruited from November 2017 to April 2018, mothers of premature infants discharged from hospital from November 2017 to January 2018 were divided into the control group,and which discharged from February 2018 to April 2018 were divided into the experimental group conveniently.Seven cases in the control group and 5 cases in the experimental group dropped out. The control group received routine nursing care, 4 times of informational support were implemented to the mothers of premature infants at the first 4 months after discharged in the experimental group,included team teaching, live demonstration, set up a wechat group, et al. All primiparas were investigated using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale(C-PSOC) and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF) at the 1^th,3^th,6^th month postpartum. Results: At the 6^th month postpartum, total scores of the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and subscale scores of self-efficacy, satisfaction of the mothers of premature infants were 82.60±4.45, 39.19±3.25, 43.40±3.47, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 76.83±7.88, 36.90±4.82, 39.93±5.16, respectively in the control group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=4.117, 2.541, 3.613, P<0.05). At the 6^th month postpartum,total scores of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and subscale scores of parenting distress,parent-child dysfunctional interaction,difficult child of the mothers of premature infants were 80.31±9.50, 28.62±4.54, 23.98±4.91, 26.14±5.15, respectively in the experimental group,and the scores were 87.36±8.58, 32.55±4.88, 25.95±4.15, 28.84±4.88, respectively in the control group,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(t=-3.568-3.823, P<0.05). Conclusions Informational support can effectively improve the parenting sense of competence and relieve the parenting stress in primiparas.

Objective To investigate the effect ofdexmedetomidine (Dex) on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in brain injury after asphyxiating cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) in rats.Methods A total of 60 clean male Sprague-Dawley rars were randomly divided into sham-operated group,CA/CPR group and Dex precondition group (n=20).Rats in the control group did not receive CA/CPR;and rats in the CA/CPR group and Dex precondition group were performed cardiac arrest induced by asphyxia,and then,CPR was performed.Dex with dose of 4.0 microgram/kg (body weight) was intravenously injected into rats in the Dex precondition group prior to 5 min of asphyxia.The same volume of saline by intravenous injection was given to rats in control group and CA/CPR group.Brain tissues were collected after the experiment,and wet to dry weight (W/D) ratio was tested.The mRNA expressions of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP),activation of transcription factor 4 (A TF4) and X-4 box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in the hippocampus were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein expressions of CHOP,B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2),Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase-3) in the hippocampus were measured by Western boltting.Neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).Morphological and ultrastructural changes of brains of rats were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.Results As compared with the control group,CA/CPR group and Dex precondition group had significantly increased W/D ratio of brain tissues and mRNA expressions of XBP1,A TF4 and CHOP in the hippocampus,significantly higher protein expressions of CHOP,Bax and caspase-3,and statistically lower Bcl-2 expression (P＜0.05).As compared with the CA/CPR group,Dex precondition group had significantly decreased W/D ratio of brain tissues and mRNA expressions of XBP1,A TF4 and CHOP in the hippocampus,significantly lower protein expressions of CHOP,Bax and caspase-3,and statistically higher Bcl-2 expression (P＜0.05).TUNEL indicated that the neuronal apoptosis rate in the control group (7.49％±4.33％) was significantly lower than that in the CA/CPR group and Dex precondition group (29.73％±6.27％ and 16.82％±5.75％,P＜0.05);significant difference was noted between CA/CPR group and Dex precondition group in the neuronal apoptosis rate (P＜0.05).Changes in the morphology and ultramicrostructure injuries of brain tissues were more significant in CA/CPR group,while the changes were obviously alleviated in Dex precondition group.Conclusion Dex can alleviate brain injury after asphyxiating CA/CPR in rats,whose mechanism may be related to ERS and inhibition on apoptosis of nerve cells.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice.Metbods Forty-eight C57BL/6 male mice,aged 8 weeks,weighing 20-24 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =16 each) using a random number table:control group (C group),I/R group and dexmedetomidine group (D group).The model of retinal I/R injury was established by elevating intraocular pressure for 60 min using anterior chamber cannulation followed by 24 h of reperfusion.At 15 min before ischemia and 5 min before reperfusion,dexmedetomidine 25 μg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group D,and the equal volume of normal saline was intraperitoneally injected in C and I/R groups.Eight mice were sacrificed at 24 h of reperfusion,and the retina was removed for microscopic examination of pathologic changes (with light microscope) after haematoxylin and eosin staining and for determination of cell apoptosis in retinal tissues (by TUNEL).Apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.Eight mice were sacrificed at 24 h of reperfusion,and the retina was removed for determination of the expression of Bcl-2,Bax,caspase-3 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in retinal tissues (by Western blot).Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated.Results Compared with group C,AI was significantly increased,the expression of Bax,caspase-3 and CHOP was up-regulated,the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated,Bcl-2/Bax ratio was decreased (P＜0.05),and pathologic changes were found in retinal tissues in group I/R.Compared with group I/R,AI was significantly decreased,the expression of Bax,caspase-3 and CHOP was down-regulated,the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated,Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased (P＜0.05),and pathologic changes of retinal tissues were significantly attenuated in group D (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce retinal I/R injury,and the mechanism mav be related to inhibiting cell apoptosis in mice.

Objective To investigate the effect of nerve cells apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on brain injury after asphyxiating cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) in rats.Methods A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and CA/CPR group (n=20).The CA/CPR models were established by asphyxia method/CPR.The levels of neuron specific enolization enzyme (NSE) and S100 beta protein (S100β protein) in serum at baseline and 0,3 and 6 h after CPR were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The mRNA expressions of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP),activate transcription factor 4 (A TF4) and X-4 box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in the hippocampus were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein expressions of CHOP,B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2),Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase-3) in the hippocampus were measured by Western boltting.Neuronal apoptosis were detected by terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).Morphological and ultrastructural changes of the hippocampi were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.Results As compared to that in the control group,S100β protein in the CA/CPR group at 0,3 and 6 h after resuscitation was statistically different (P＜0.05);NSE protein level in the CA/CPR group at 6 h after resuscitation was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05).As compared with those in the control group,the mRNA expressions of CHOP,A TF4 and XBP-1 in the hippocampus of the CA/CPR group were obviously increased (P＜0.05).Significantly increased protein expressions of CHOP,Bax,and caspase-3,and statistically decreased Bcl-2 expression in the CA/CPR group were noted as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05).The neuronal apoptosis rate in the CA/CPR group (29.74％±6.26％) was significantly higher than that in the control group (7.48％±4.34％,P＜0.05).The morphology changes and ultramicrostructure injuries of the hippocampus in the CA/CPR group were more obvious as compared with those in the control group.Conclusion CA/CPR in rats causes significant damage to brain tissues,and brain injury is aggravated gradually along with the prolongation of time,and the mechanism of brain injury may be connected with ERS-induced apoptosis of nerve cells.