Objective: To explore the relationship of family function with sleep and externalizing problem behaviors of preschool children, so as to provide a guidance for externalizing problem prevention and intervention among preschool children. Methods: From October 2023 to January 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to select 5 138 preschool children from kindergartens in 8 districts of Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Parents completed the survey for Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, children s sleep habits and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation of family function with scores of sleep quality and externalizing problem behaviors among preschool children. A mediation model analysis and bootstrap test were conducted to further investigate the mediating role of sleep quality between family function and externalizing problem behaviors. Mplus 8.7 software was used for latent profile analysis of family function. Results: The reported rates of poor sleep quality and externalizing problem behaviors among preschool children were 11.8% ( n =607), 20.0% ( n =1 026). The relevant analysis results showed that family function was negatively correlated with sleep quality and externalizing problem behaviors ( r = -0.20, -0.23), and sleep quality was positively correlated with externalizing problem behaviors ( r =0.27) ( P <0.01). The mediation effect test showed that family function negatively predicted externalizing problem behaviors ( β =-0.079) and sleep quality ( β = -0.075), while sleep quality positively predicted externalizing problem behaviors ( β =0.215) ( P <0.01). The latent profile analysis results showed that family function could be classified into 4 categories: high family function group (23.01%), upper middle family function group (44.65%), moderate family function group (26.24%) and low family function group (6.11%). Compared to high family function, the other three categories significantly positively predicted externalizing problem behaviors, and the mediating effects of sleep quality on different categories of family function were statistically significant [upper middle family function: mediation effect value was 0.022 (95% CI =0.004-0.041) and direct effect value was 0.329 (95% CI =0.263-0.396); middle family function: mediation effect value was 0.087 (95% CI =0.063-0.115) and direct effect value was 0.491 (95% CI =0.416-0.565); low family function: mediation effect value was 0.144 (95% CI =0.107-0.185) and direct effect 0.621 (95% CI =0.503-0.740)] ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Family function negatively predicts the externalizing problem behaviors of preschool children, and sleep quality plays a partial mediating role.

ObjectiveTo study the changing law of appearance color and physicochemical properties of Angelicae Sinensis Radix Carbonisata（ASRC） during the processing by color space method combined with statistical analysis， so as to provide reference for determining the processing endpoint and evaluating the quality of the decoction pieces. MethodsTaking processing time（4， 8， 12， 16 min） and temperature（180， 200， 220， 240 ℃） as factors， ASRC decoction pieces with different processing degrees were prepared in a completely randomized design. Then， the brightness value（L^*）， red-green value（a^*）， yellow-blue value（b^*）， and total chromaticity value （E^*ab） of the decoction pieces were determined by spectrophotometer， the color difference value（ΔE） was calculated， and the data of colorimetric values were analyzed by discriminant analysis. At the same time， the pH， charcoal adsorption， and contents of tannins， 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（5-HMF）， tryptophan， chlorogenic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolide I， senkyunolide H and ligustilide of ASRC with different processing degrees were determined by pH meter， ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）. Principal component analysis（PCA） was used to analyze the data of physicochemical indexes， after determining the processing technology of ASRC， the canonical discriminant function was established to distinguish the decoction pieces with different processing degrees， and leave-one-out cross validation was conducted. Finally， Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between various physicochemical indexes and chromaticity values. ResultsWith the prolongation of the processing time， L^*， a^*， b^* and E^*ab all showed a decreasing trend， and the established discriminant model based on color parameters was able to distinguish ASRC with different processing degrees. The pH showed an increasing trend with the prolongation of processing time， and the charcoal adsorption， and the contents of tannins， 5-HMF， and tryptophan all showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. Among them， the charcoal adsorption， contents of tannin and 5-HMF reached their maximum values successively after processing for 8-12 min. While the contents of chlorogenic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolide I， senkyunolide H and ligustilide decreased with the increase of processing time， with a decrease of 60%-80% at 8 min of processing. Therefore， the optimal processing time should be determined to be 8-12 min. PCA could clearly distinguish ASRC with different processing degrees， while temperature had no significant effect on the processing degree. The 12 batches of process validation results（10 min， 180-240 ℃） showed that except for 3 batches identified as class Ⅱ light charcoal， all other batches were identified as class Ⅲ standard charcoal， and the chromaticity values of each batch of ASRC were within the reference range of class Ⅱ-Ⅲ sample chromaticity values. The correlation analysis showed that the chromaticity values were negatively correlated with pH and charcoal adsorption， and positively correlated with contents of tryptophan， chlorogenic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolide I， senkyunolide H， and ligustilide. And both pH and charcoal adsorption were negatively correlated with the contents of the above components， but the charcoal adsorption was positively correlated with the content of 5-HMF. ConclusionThe chromaticity values and the contents of various physicochemical indicators of ASRC undergo significant changes with the prolongation of processing time， and there is a general correlation between chromaticity values and various physicochemical indicators. Based on the changes in color and physicochemical indicators， the optimal processing time for ASRC is determined to be 8-12 min. This study reveals the dynamic changes of the relevant indexes in the processing of ASRC， which can provide a reference for the discrimination of the processing degree and the quantitative study of the processing endpoint.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms associated with Mahoniae Caulis alkaloids （MA） in ameliorating depression by network pharmacology， molecular docking， and animal experiments. MethodsThe component targets of MA were obtained through Swiss Target Prediction and TCMIP database. The depression targets were collected through TCMIP， Genecards， HPO， DrugBank and OMIM database. The depression targets were collected through TCMIP， Genecards， HPO， DrugBank and OMIM database. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed by protein interaction analysis （STRING） database. Gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analyses were performed through Bioinformatics （DAVID） database. The docking of components and targets was performed by AGFR. The mouse model of depression was established by intraperitoneal injection of corticosterone （CORT） once a day for 35 consecutive days. Sixty mice were randomly allocated into control （0.9% normal saline）， model （CORT， 20 mg·kg^-1）， positive control （fluoxetine hydrochloride， 3.6 mg·kg^-1）， and MA （10， 5， and 2.5 mg·kg^-1） groups. Each group was administrated with corresponding medicine or normal saline once a day for 28 consecutive days. The depression-like behavior of mice was observed. The pathological changes of prefrontal cortex in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP transferase nick end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to observe the apoptosis of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to assess the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， dopamine （DA）， 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， and norepinephrine （NE） in mice. The mRNA levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） pathway-related factors and inflammatory factors were determined by Real-time PCR. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of cAMP pathway-related factors and connexin 43 （Cx43）. ResultsA total of 434 component targets and 545 depression targets were obtained， including 84 common targets， among which 10 core targets were screened out. GO analysis predicted 34 biological processes， 15 cell components， and 11 molecular functions. The KEGG pathways were mainly related to gap junction and cAMP signaling pathway. The core components had good binding affinity with the core targets. The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the control group， CORT prolonged the immobility time of mice in forced swimming and tail suspension tests （P<0.01）， lowered the serum levels of NE， BDNF， and 5-HT （P<0.05）， up-regulated the mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the brain tissue （P<0.05）， and down-regulated the mRNA levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate effector binding protein （CREB） and BDNF （P<0.05） and the protein levels of protein kinase （PRKACA）， phosphorylation （p）-CREB/CREB， BDNF， and Cx43 （P<0.05） in the brain tissue. Compared with the model group， high-dose MA reduced the immobility time of mice in forced swimming （P<0.05） and tail suspension （P<0.01） tests， raised the serum levels of NE， BDNF， and 5-HT （P<0.01）， down-regulated the mRNA level of NF-κB （P<0.01）， and up-regulated the mRNA level of BDNF （P<0.01） and protein levels of PRKACA， p-CREB/CREB， BDNF， and Cx43 （P<0.05）. ConclusionMA alleviates the CORT-induced depressive behavior of mice. It may play an antidepressant role by regulating cAMP signaling pathway and gap junction pathway， improving synaptic plasticity and gap junction function， and reducing neuroinflammation.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms associated with Mahoniae Caulis alkaloids （MA） in ameliorating depression by network pharmacology， molecular docking， and animal experiments. MethodsThe component targets of MA were obtained through Swiss Target Prediction and TCMIP database. The depression targets were collected through TCMIP， Genecards， HPO， DrugBank and OMIM database. The depression targets were collected through TCMIP， Genecards， HPO， DrugBank and OMIM database. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed by protein interaction analysis （STRING） database. Gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analyses were performed through Bioinformatics （DAVID） database. The docking of components and targets was performed by AGFR. The mouse model of depression was established by intraperitoneal injection of corticosterone （CORT） once a day for 35 consecutive days. Sixty mice were randomly allocated into control （0.9% normal saline）， model （CORT， 20 mg·kg^-1）， positive control （fluoxetine hydrochloride， 3.6 mg·kg^-1）， and MA （10， 5， and 2.5 mg·kg^-1） groups. Each group was administrated with corresponding medicine or normal saline once a day for 28 consecutive days. The depression-like behavior of mice was observed. The pathological changes of prefrontal cortex in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP transferase nick end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to observe the apoptosis of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to assess the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， dopamine （DA）， 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， and norepinephrine （NE） in mice. The mRNA levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） pathway-related factors and inflammatory factors were determined by Real-time PCR. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of cAMP pathway-related factors and connexin 43 （Cx43）. ResultsA total of 434 component targets and 545 depression targets were obtained， including 84 common targets， among which 10 core targets were screened out. GO analysis predicted 34 biological processes， 15 cell components， and 11 molecular functions. The KEGG pathways were mainly related to gap junction and cAMP signaling pathway. The core components had good binding affinity with the core targets. The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the control group， CORT prolonged the immobility time of mice in forced swimming and tail suspension tests （P<0.01）， lowered the serum levels of NE， BDNF， and 5-HT （P<0.05）， up-regulated the mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the brain tissue （P<0.05）， and down-regulated the mRNA levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate effector binding protein （CREB） and BDNF （P<0.05） and the protein levels of protein kinase （PRKACA）， phosphorylation （p）-CREB/CREB， BDNF， and Cx43 （P<0.05） in the brain tissue. Compared with the model group， high-dose MA reduced the immobility time of mice in forced swimming （P<0.05） and tail suspension （P<0.01） tests， raised the serum levels of NE， BDNF， and 5-HT （P<0.01）， down-regulated the mRNA level of NF-κB （P<0.01）， and up-regulated the mRNA level of BDNF （P<0.01） and protein levels of PRKACA， p-CREB/CREB， BDNF， and Cx43 （P<0.05）. ConclusionMA alleviates the CORT-induced depressive behavior of mice. It may play an antidepressant role by regulating cAMP signaling pathway and gap junction pathway， improving synaptic plasticity and gap junction function， and reducing neuroinflammation.

OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence suggests that the gut may be a primary site of metformin action. However, studies on the effects of metformin on gut microbiota remain limited, and its impact on gut microbial metabolites such as short-/medium-chain fatty acids is unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of metformin on gut microbiota, short-/medium-chain fatty acids, and associated metabolic benefits in high-fat diet rats. METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) Normal diet group (ND group), fed standard chow; 2) high-fat diet group (HFD group), fed a high-fat diet; 3) high-fat diet + metformin treatment group (HFD+Met group), fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, followed by daily intragastric administration of metformin solution (150 mg/kg body weight) starting in week 9. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed, and serum, liver, and colonic contents were collected for assessment of glucose and lipid metabolism, liver pathology, gut microbiota composition, and the concentrations of short-/medium-chain fatty acids. RESULTS: Metformin significantly improved HFD-induced glucose and lipid metabolic disorders and liver injury. Compared with the HFD group, the HFD+Met group showed reduced abundance of Blautia, Romboutsia, Bilophila, and Bacteroides, while Lactobacillus abundance significantly increased (all P<0.05). Colonic contents of butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, valeric acid, octanoic acid, and lauric acid were significantly elevated (all P<0.05), whereas acetic acid, isoheptanoic acid, and nonanoic acid levels were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus abundance was negatively correlated with body weight gain and insulin resistance, while butyrate and valerate levels were negatively correlated with insulin resistance and liver injury (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Metformin significantly increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and promotes the production of short-/medium-chain fatty acids including butyric, valeric, and lauric acid in the colonic contents of HFD rats, suggesting that metformin may regulate host metabolism through modulation of the gut microbiota.
Animals ; Metformin/pharmacology* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects* ; Rats ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Male ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism* ; Fatty Acids/metabolism*

Objective The study aimed to elucidate the evolution of the syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)and TCM syndrome elements in different chronic stages of psoriasis vulgaris.Methods A database was constructed using electronic medical records collected from July 2019 to March 2024 from 1,049 patients with psoriasis vulgaris.The study used Sankey diagrams and network association graphs to analyze the evolution of TCM syndromes and their elements in patients at the different stages:initial diagnosis,progressive stage(Week 2-3),progressive stage(Week 4-5),skin lesion improvement stage(Week 6-7),and remission stage.The syndrome elements network was constructed using community detection algorithms,and the association rules between local skin lesion syndrome differentiation and overall syndrome differentiation were displayed using heatmaps.Results(ⅰ)Initial diagnosis.In the syndrome differentiation of local skin lesions,blood heat syndrome was the most common(79.79％);among the disease location of TCM syndrome elements(called"disease location"),liver was the most prevalent(35.62％);and among the pathological factors of TCM syndrome elements(called"pathological factors"),fire(heat)was the most common(75.48％).(ⅱ)Active stage(Week 2-3).In the syndrome differentiation of local skin lesions,blood heat syndrome remained the most prevalent(73.13％);among the disease location,liver was still the most prevalent(31.71％);and among the pathological factors,fire(heat)continued to be the most common(82.11％),while dampness(22.26％)and qi stagnation(8.39％)began to increase.(ⅲ)Active stage(Week 4-5).The syndrome differentiation of local skin lesions was dominated by blood heat syndrome(45.91％)and blood dryness syndrome(37.19％);among disease location,the interior was the most prevalent(15.25％);and among the pathological factors,fire(heat)remained the most common(50.66％),with an increase in yin deficiency(34.26％).(ⅳ)Skin lesion improvement stage(Week 6-7).In the syndrome differentiation of local skin lesions,both blood dryness syndrome(49.44％)and blood stasis syndrome(33.33％)increased;among the disease location,meridians increased most significantly and became the most prevalent(13.44％);and among the pathological factors,blood stasis increased most significantly and became the most prevalent(28.20％).(ⅴ)Remission stage.In the syndrome differentiation of local skin lesions,blood stasis syndrome became the primary(55.69％),while the percentage of blood dryness syndrome decreased(21.16％);meridians(25.71％)and blood stasis(62.34％)remained the most predominant syndrome elements related to disease location or pathological factors.Conclusion The overall pattern of TCM syndromes in psoriasis vulgaris evolved from excess to deficiency.From the initial diagnosis to the active phase(Week 2-3),heat syndrome dominated;during the active phase(Week 4-5),heat syndrome coexisted with damp syndrome or yin deficiency syndrome;changes in the syndrome element network were the most significant during the lesion improvement phase,with blood stasis gradually increasing and peaking during the remission phase.Blood stasis,dampness,and qi stagnation were pervasive throughout psoriasis vulgaris;qi stagnation and blood stasis may be the main elements causing further deterioration and prolonged course of the disease during the active phase in patients.

Objective:To describe the current status and trends in the outcomes and care practices of extremely preterm infants at 22-25 weeks′ gestation age from the Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) from 2019 to 2021.Methods:This cross-sectional study used data from the CHNN cohort of very preterm infants. All 963 extremely preterm infants with gestational age between 22-25 weeks who were admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of the CHNN from 2019 to 2021 were included. Infants admitted after 24 hours of life or transferred to non-CHNN hospitals were excluded. Perinatal care practices, survival rates, incidences of major morbidities, and NICU treatments were described according to different gestational age groups and admission years. Comparison among gestational age groups was conducted using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Trends by year were evaluated by Cochran-Armitage and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests for trend. Results:Of the 963 extremely preterm infants enrolled, 588 extremely preterm infants (61.1%) were male. The gestational age was 25.0 (24.4, 25.6) weeks, with 29 extremely preterm infants (3.0%), 88 extremely preterm infants (9.1%), 264 extremely preterm infants (27.4%), and 582 extremely preterm infants (60.4%) at 22, 23, 24, and 25 weeks of gestation age, respectively. The birth weight was 770 (680, 840) g. From 2019 to 2021, the number of extremely preterm infants increased each year (285, 312, and 366 extremely preterm infants, respectively). Antenatal steroids and magnesium sulfate were administered to 67.7% (615/908) and 51.1% (453/886) mothers of extremely preterm infants. In the delivery room, 20.8% (200/963) and 69.5% (669/963) extremely preterm infants received noninvasive positive end-expiratory pressure support and endotracheal intubation. Delayed cord clamping and cord milking were performed in 19.0% (149/784) and 30.4% (241/794) extremely preterm infants. From 2019 to 2021, there were significant increases in the usage of antenatal steroids, antenatal magnesium sulfate, and delivery room noninvasive positive-end expiratory pressure support (all P<0.05). Overall, 349 extremely preterm infants (36.2%) did not receive complete care, 392 extremely preterm infants (40.7%) received complete care and survived to discharge, and 222 extremely preterm infants (23.1%) received complete care but died in hospital. The survival rates for extremely preterm infants at 22, 23, 24 and 25 weeks of gestation age were 10.3% (3/29), 23.9% (21/88), 33.0% (87/264) and 48.3% (281/582), respectively. From 2019 to 2021, there were no statistically significant trends in complete care, survival, and mortality rates (all P>0.05). Only 11.5% (45/392) extremely preterm infants survived without major morbidities. Moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (67.3% (264/392)) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (61.5% (241/392)) were the most common morbidities among survivors. The incidences of severe intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis were 15.3% (60/392), 5.9% (23/392) and 19.1% (75/392), respectively. Overall, 83.7% (328/392) survivors received invasive ventilation during hospitalization, with a duration of 22 (10, 42) days. The hospital stay for survivors was 97 (86, 116) days. Conclusions:With the increasing number of extremely preterm infants at 22-25 weeks′ gestation admitted to CHNN NICU, the survival rate remained low, especially the rate of survival without major morbidities. Further quality improvement initiatives are needed to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based care practices.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are common clinical conditions. The number of patients with TMJ diseases is large, and the etiology, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and treatment of the disease remain controversial and unknown. To understand and master the current situation of the occurrence, development and prevention of TMJ diseases, as well as to identify the patterns in etiology, incidence, drug sensitivity, and prognosis is crucial for alleviating patients′suffering.This will facilitate in-depth medical research, effective disease prevention measures, and the formulation of corresponding health policies. Cohort construction and research has an irreplaceable role in precise disease prevention and significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment levels. Large-scale cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between potential risk factors and outcomes of TMJ diseases, and to observe disease prognoses through long-term follw-ups. The consensus aims to establish a standard conceptual frame work for a cohort study on patients with TMJ disease while providing ideas for cohort data standards to this condition. TMJ disease cohort data consists of both common data standards applicable to all specific disease cohorts as well as disease-specific data standards. Common data were available for each specific disease cohort. By integrating different cohort research resources, standard problems or study variables can be unified. Long-term follow-up can be performed using consistent definitions and criteria across different projects for better core data collection. It is hoped that this consensus will be facilitate the development cohort studies of TMJ diseases.