Objective:To evaluate the effect of ciprofol on intraoperative hypotension in patients undergoing bronchoscopy procedures.Methods:In this randomized controlled study, 112 adult patients of either sex, aged 18-64 yr, with a body mass index of 19.8-28.3 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with estimated operation time of ≥1 h, undergoing elective bronchoscopy procedures, were assigned to one of two groups ( n=56 each) using a random number table method: ciprofol group (C group) and propofol group (P group). All the patients received total intravenous anesthesia. The induction dose of ciprofol was 0.1-0.3 mg/kg, and the maintenance dose was 0.4-1.2 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group C. The induction dose of propofol was 1-3 mg/kg, and the maintenance dose was 4-12 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group P. The primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative hypotension, and the secondary outcomes were the time of emergence from anesthesia, sleep quality, patients′ and surgeons′ satisfaction with anesthesia, and the incidence of complications within 30 days after surgery. Results:Compared with group P, the incidence of intraoperative hypotension was significantly decreased, and the time of emergence from anesthesia was shortened in group C ( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in secondary outcomes between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Ciprofol is superior to propofol in reducing the risk of intraoperative hypotension and facilitates a more rapid emergence from anesthesia in patients undergoing bronchoscopy procedures.

Objective:To investigate the changes in sympathetic nerve activity after lower limb immobilization and the role of sympathetic nerve in regulating disuse atrophy of skeletal muscles.Methods:The experiment was divided into the following 3 parts: ① Twelve 8-week-old male C57 mice were randomly divided into a blank control group and a hind limb fixation group ( n=6). The blank control group received no intervention while the hind limb fixation group received splint fixation of the hind limbs for 2 weeks before the musculoskeletal multi-dimensional characterization was completed at the behavioral, pathological and molecular levels. ② Thirty-six 8-week-old male C57 mice were selected and randomly divided into a control group and 5 hind limb fixation groups (for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days) ( n=6). The control group was fed normally until 14 days without any intervention while the 5 hind limb fixation groups were sampled after fixation for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days, respectively. The level of norepinephrine in the serum and the expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of sympathetic nerve activity in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), were detected to observe the plasticity of sympathetic nerve activity. ③ Eighteen 8-week-old male C57 mice were selected and randomly divided into a blank control group, a hind limb fixation group and a hind limb fixation plus medication group ( n=6). The blank control group received no intervention while the 2 fixation groups were injected with phosphate buffer (PBS) and propranolol hydrochloride solution for 2 consecutive weeks, respectively. The parameters related to the skeletal muscles were compared between the 3 groups. Results:① Compared with the control group, the mass and function of skeletal muscles in the hind limb fixation group were statistically significantly decreased ( P<0.05). ② The levels of serum norepinephrine [(3.27±1.03) ng/mL, (9.21±1.05) ng/mL, (6.36±0.88) ng/mL, (3.84±1.00) ng/mL, and (3.91±0.75) ng/mL] and the PVN TH levels (42.00%±5.38%, 61.67%±5.57%, 55.82%±3.11%, 50.90%±2.53%, and 39.17%±9.07%) in the 5 hind limb fixation groups (for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days) were significantly higher than those in the control group [(1.81±0.72)] ng/mL and 23.33%±5.50%] ( P<0.05). ③ The wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle [(93.50±4.32) mg] and the cross-section area of the tibial anterior muscle [(1,180.00±95.09) μm 2] in the hind limb fixation plus medication group were increased significantly compared with those in the hind limb fixation group [(80.83±9.99) mg and (907.80±121.00) μm 2] ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system occurs in the mice model of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy after hind limb fixation. Inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity may reduce the severity of skeletal muscle atrophy at the lower limbs.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury is a special type of drug-induced liver injury, and its clinical management has already become an emerging topic in recent years. This article focuses on a series of issues that have attracted much attention in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury, including the clinical type and severity assessment, the role of liver biopsy, differentiation from autoimmune hepatitis, glucocorticoid dose selection, second-line immunosuppressant selection and timing, opportunistic infection prevention, hormone efficacy prediction, and hormone reduction and course of treatment. In addition, this article analyzes the relevant key points and proposes the current issues at the same time that have not yet been resolved, combined with the latest research progress at home and abroad.

Objective:To observe the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at different frequencies on cognitive impairment due to high-altitude hypoxia.Methods:Sixty officers and soldiers displaying cognitive impairment in a hypoxic high-altitude environment were randomly divided into 15Hz, 20Hz and 25Hz groups, each of 20. They were given rTMS at those frequencies for 30 days. Before the stimulation and after 15 and 30 days, event-related potentials, latencies of mismatched negativity (MMN) and P300 signals were recorded. The participants′ cognition was also evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Correlation between the electrophysiological indexes and the MoCA scores was computed.Results:After 15 days, all had shorter MMN latencies, higher total MoCA scores and better memory scores. The only significant difference among the three groups was in the average memory scores. After 15 days, MMN latency was significantly negatively correlated with the memory scores in all three groups ( r=0.44 to -0.54). Conclusions:rTMS at frequencies above 15Hz can effectively relieve cognitive impairment, especially memory dysfunction, resulting from high-altitude hypoxia.

Objective To analyze the early prognosis of repairing adult aortic insufficiency with the Florida sleeve procedure. Methods The patients with aortic insufficiency who underwent Florida sleeve repair in the Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University between August 2020 and May 2024 were selected. Their general data, perioperative conditions, and echocardiographic data before, during, and after the procedure and at follow-up were analyzed. Results Fifteen patients were included, consisting of 12 males and 3 females, aged 33-71 (53.5±12.4) years. Preoperative echocardiography indicated that there was 1 patient of rheumatic disease, 7 patients of degenerative disease, 4 patients secondary to aortic aneurysm, and 3 patients of bicuspid aortic valve. The severity distribution included 2 patients of severe insufficiency, 4 patients of moderate-to-severe insufficiency, 5 patients of moderate insufficiency, and 4 patients of mild-to-moderate insufficiency. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was (135.0±40.0) minutes, the aortic cross-clamp time was (109.9±38.6) minutes, and the median ICU stay was 1.0 day. No mortality was recorded within 30 days postoperatively. Follow-up echocardiography showed that the valve regurgitation, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and sinus diameter all achieved the desired outcomes. Conclusion Florida sleeve repair for aortic valve in patients with a sinus diameter less than 50 mm not only effectively improves hemodynamics in adults with aortic insufficiency, but also has the advantages of low surgical risk and rapid postoperative recovery, making it a promising procedure for clinical application.

Bladder-preserving treatment has become a research focus due to its potential to balance therapeutic efficacy and quality of life.In recent years,the rapid development of immunotherapy has brought new opportunities for bladder-sparing strategies.In high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(HR-NMIBC),emerging regimens such as bacillus calmette-guérin-based immunoenhancement,immuno-chemotherapy combinations,targeted therapy,and gene therapy have demonstrated encouraging efficacy and safety in trials like GU-123 and TRUCE-02,with complete remission rate ranging from 42％-100％.In muscle-invasive bladder cancer(MIBC),immunotherapy is being integrated with trimodal therapy,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and antibody-drug conjugates,as evidenced by studies such as ReBirth and BTCRC-GU15-023,which reported significant improvements in bladder-intact event-free survival,progression-free survival,and complete remission rate.This review summarizes the latest advances in immunotherapy-based bladder-preserving strategies for both HR-NMIBC and MIBC,aiming to provide insights for future individualized treatment approaches.

Objective:To investigate the effects of percutaneous nerve electrical stimulation (TENS) combined with exercise therapy on lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Methods:Sixty patients with KOA who received treatment at Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into a control group ( n = 30) and an observation group ( n = 30) using the random number table method. The control group received exercise therapy, while the observation group received TENS and exercise therapy. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks. The efficacy was compared between the two groups. Additionally, pain levels, lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function were compared between the two groups both before and after treatment. Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [93.33% (28/30) vs. 73.33% (22/30), χ2 = 4.32, P < 0.05]. After treatment, Visual Analog Scale score and microcirculatory blood perfusion volume in the observation group were (2.03 ± 0.41) and (7.98 ± 1.24) mL/min, respectively, both of which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(3.78 ± 0.59), (9.23 ± 1.36) mL/min, t = 13.34, 3.72, both P < 0.05]. The proportion of patients achieving Lovett grades of 4-5 in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [83.33% (25/30) vs. 60.00% (18/30), Z = 1.99, P < 0.05]. After treatment, the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(78.98 ± 5.65) vs. (67.87 ± 6.26), t = 7.21, P < 0.05]. Conclusions:TENS combined with exercise therapy has a good efficacy in the treatment of KOA. The combined therapy can improve lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of ciprofol on intraoperative hypotension in patients undergoing bronchoscopy procedures.Methods:In this randomized controlled study, 112 adult patients of either sex, aged 18-64 yr, with a body mass index of 19.8-28.3 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with estimated operation time of ≥1 h, undergoing elective bronchoscopy procedures, were assigned to one of two groups ( n=56 each) using a random number table method: ciprofol group (C group) and propofol group (P group). All the patients received total intravenous anesthesia. The induction dose of ciprofol was 0.1-0.3 mg/kg, and the maintenance dose was 0.4-1.2 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group C. The induction dose of propofol was 1-3 mg/kg, and the maintenance dose was 4-12 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group P. The primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative hypotension, and the secondary outcomes were the time of emergence from anesthesia, sleep quality, patients′ and surgeons′ satisfaction with anesthesia, and the incidence of complications within 30 days after surgery. Results:Compared with group P, the incidence of intraoperative hypotension was significantly decreased, and the time of emergence from anesthesia was shortened in group C ( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in secondary outcomes between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Ciprofol is superior to propofol in reducing the risk of intraoperative hypotension and facilitates a more rapid emergence from anesthesia in patients undergoing bronchoscopy procedures.

Bladder-preserving treatment has become a research focus due to its potential to balance therapeutic efficacy and quality of life.In recent years,the rapid development of immunotherapy has brought new opportunities for bladder-sparing strategies.In high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(HR-NMIBC),emerging regimens such as bacillus calmette-guérin-based immunoenhancement,immuno-chemotherapy combinations,targeted therapy,and gene therapy have demonstrated encouraging efficacy and safety in trials like GU-123 and TRUCE-02,with complete remission rate ranging from 42％-100％.In muscle-invasive bladder cancer(MIBC),immunotherapy is being integrated with trimodal therapy,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,and antibody-drug conjugates,as evidenced by studies such as ReBirth and BTCRC-GU15-023,which reported significant improvements in bladder-intact event-free survival,progression-free survival,and complete remission rate.This review summarizes the latest advances in immunotherapy-based bladder-preserving strategies for both HR-NMIBC and MIBC,aiming to provide insights for future individualized treatment approaches.

Objective:To investigate the effects of percutaneous nerve electrical stimulation (TENS) combined with exercise therapy on lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Methods:Sixty patients with KOA who received treatment at Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into a control group ( n = 30) and an observation group ( n = 30) using the random number table method. The control group received exercise therapy, while the observation group received TENS and exercise therapy. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks. The efficacy was compared between the two groups. Additionally, pain levels, lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function were compared between the two groups both before and after treatment. Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [93.33% (28/30) vs. 73.33% (22/30), χ2 = 4.32, P < 0.05]. After treatment, Visual Analog Scale score and microcirculatory blood perfusion volume in the observation group were (2.03 ± 0.41) and (7.98 ± 1.24) mL/min, respectively, both of which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(3.78 ± 0.59), (9.23 ± 1.36) mL/min, t = 13.34, 3.72, both P < 0.05]. The proportion of patients achieving Lovett grades of 4-5 in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [83.33% (25/30) vs. 60.00% (18/30), Z = 1.99, P < 0.05]. After treatment, the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(78.98 ± 5.65) vs. (67.87 ± 6.26), t = 7.21, P < 0.05]. Conclusions:TENS combined with exercise therapy has a good efficacy in the treatment of KOA. The combined therapy can improve lower limb microcirculation, lower limb muscle strength, and motor function.