Objective To investigate the clinical features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorders （MOGAD）. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of nine patients with MOGAD who were admitted to our department. Results Among the nine patients with MOGAD， there were five male patients and four female patients， with a median age of onset of 29.0 years. The main clinical symptoms included optic neuritis in five patients， cerebral symptoms （including mental symptoms）in five patients，seizures in four patients， brainstem symptoms in three patients， pyramidal signs in three patients， cerebellar symptoms in three patients， rectal and bladder dysfunction in three patients， myelitis in two patients， paresthesia in two patients， and comorbidity with autoimmune encephalitis in one patient. All patients tested positive for serum MOG-IgG， and two patients tested positive for MOG-IgG in cerebrospinal fluid. MRI showed that cerebral lesions mainly involved the midline structure and deep gray matter，and there were four patients（44.4%） with lesions in the midbrain， the pons， and the medulla oblongata and four patients （44.4%）with lesions in the fourth ventricle； spinal lesions often involved long segments （≥3 segments）， and there were two patients with lesions in cervical spinal cord and one patient with lesions in the thoracic spinal cord. All nine patients received immunotherapy in the acute stage， with a mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score of （3.94±2.28） for neurological function assessment. Three patients experienced recurrence during the median follow-up time of 36.0 months，among whom two patients had myelitis. Conclusion There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate of MOGAD，and the age of onset of MOGAD is earlier than that of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Optic neuritis is the most important clinical phenotype of MOGAD， and MOGAD patients with myelitis phenotype all have longitudinal long-segment lesions of the spinal cord. The different clinical phenotypes of MOGAD may be associated with recurrence rate.

Anxiety-depressive disorders are closely associated and frequently comorbid with headache （especially primary headache）， which significantly increases the disease burden of patients and the difficulties of treatment. Anxiety-depressive disorders can not only increase the risk of primary headache but also directly cause headache attributed to anxiety-depressive disorders. There are complex mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of anxiety-depressive disorders and headache， and currently， there is still a lack of diagnostic criteria for "headaches attributed to anxiety-depressive disorders"， which requires future research to delve deeper into the comorbidity mechanisms and optimize diagnostic criteria. This article reviews the interrelationship between anxiety-depressive disorders and headache， as well as related advances in diagnosis， underlying mechanisms， and treatment， so as to provide help for clinical diagnosis and management.

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between IVD degeneration and the vertebral body FSF in dogs and compared these factors between chondrodystrophic (CD) and nonchondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs. Methods: IVD degeneration in dogs was classified morphologically using the Pfirrmann grade, and the vertebral body FSF was evaluated quantitatively. Results: The vertebral body FSF showed a statistically significant difference among the age groups. The vertebral body FSF was significantly higher in Pfirrmann grades 3–5 than in grades 1 and 2. The mean Pfirrmann grade of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the four-to-six-year-old group. The mean vertebral body FSF of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the group of seven years and above. Conclusions and Relevance: In dogs, the vertebral body FSF increased significantly with age and Pfirrmann grade. The CD dogs showed a higher degree of IVD degeneration at a younger age than the NCD dogs. CD dogs appeared to experience more severe fat deposition of the vertebral body in old age than NCD dogs. MRI examinations are helpful for evaluating IVD degeneration and vertebral body fat deposition.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of photoreceptor cell apoptosis and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell atrophy caused by gene mutation. The clinical manifestations are night blindness, peripheral visual field loss and progressive vision loss. RPE cell apoptosis plays an important role in the progression of RP, and exogenous implantation of RPE cells as an alternative therapy has shown certain efficacy in animal experiments and clinical trials. With the diversification of cell sources, the update of surgical techniques and the continuous emergence of biological materials, more possibilities and hopes are provided for cell therapy. To further promote the development of this field in the future, it is still necessary to strengthen the cooperation between medicine, bioengineering and other disciplines in the future to jointly promote the innovation and development of therapeutic methods. It is believed that RPE cell transplantation therapy will show a brighter prospect in the future

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between IVD degeneration and the vertebral body FSF in dogs and compared these factors between chondrodystrophic (CD) and nonchondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs. Methods: IVD degeneration in dogs was classified morphologically using the Pfirrmann grade, and the vertebral body FSF was evaluated quantitatively. Results: The vertebral body FSF showed a statistically significant difference among the age groups. The vertebral body FSF was significantly higher in Pfirrmann grades 3–5 than in grades 1 and 2. The mean Pfirrmann grade of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the four-to-six-year-old group. The mean vertebral body FSF of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the group of seven years and above. Conclusions and Relevance: In dogs, the vertebral body FSF increased significantly with age and Pfirrmann grade. The CD dogs showed a higher degree of IVD degeneration at a younger age than the NCD dogs. CD dogs appeared to experience more severe fat deposition of the vertebral body in old age than NCD dogs. MRI examinations are helpful for evaluating IVD degeneration and vertebral body fat deposition.

Migraine is a common type of primary headache worldwide,and its high morbidity and disability rates have brought heavy burden to individuals and society,thereby requiring preventive and acute treatment.Previous thera-peutic strategies for migraine include traditional analgesics and triptans,which are mainly used to relieve pain and reduce accompanying symptoms,but long-term administration of such drugs may lead to medication overuse headache.In recent years,new drugs targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)and its receptors have shown a promising future in the preventive treatment of migraine and the treatment of migraine in the acute stage,such as monoclonal antibodies and small-molecular receptor antagonists,and in addition,they also can be used in patients who have no response to various pharma-cotherapies.This article reviews the recent advances in CGRP drugs in the treatment of migraine.

Objective:To summarize the characteristics of color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) of ocular toxocariasis (OT) in children.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From July 2014 to June 2020, 61 OT patients with 61 eyes diagnosed through clinical and laboratory testing in the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University were included in the study. There were 45 males with 45 eyes and 16 females with 16 eye (male: female=2.81:1). Age were (6.93±2.50) years. The right eye and left eye were 29 and 32 eyes, respectively. Both eyes of the patient underwent two-dimensional ultrasound and CDFI examination. Two dimensional ultrasound was used to estimate the axial length (AL) of the affected eyes and healthy eyes on the opposite side. Among them, 52 cases were measured for AL using optical biometry and/or A-mode ultrasound. Vitreoretinal surgery was performed within one week after ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional ultrasound was used to observe the morphology of vitreous opacity, its connection to the eyeball wall, and whether posterior vitreous detachment and retinal detachment have occurred. CDFI examination was used to observe the presence of blood flow signals on the pathological membrane. The detection rates of different forms of vitreous opacity and traction retinal detachment were calculated. The location of proliferative lesions in the eye was analyzed. Paired t-test was performed to compare the AL of the affected eye and the healthy eye on the opposite side. Perform Kappa consistency test on the location of proliferative lesions was used during CDFI examination and vitreoretinal surgery. Results:All affected eyes have varying degrees of vitreous opacity. Among them, 23 eyes (37.7%, 23/61) showed typical "Christmas tree" like turbidity; 27 eyes (44.3%, 27/61) had clustered and striped echoes; 9 eyes (14.8%, 9/61) had weak punctate and strip echoes. Two eyes (3.3%, 2/61) showed a large amount of dense punctate and strip-shaped echoes. There were 50 eyes (82.0%, 50/61) with traction retinal detachment, of which 46 eyes (92.0%, 46/50) had visible blood flow signals on the detached retina, and the remaining 4 eyes (8.0%, 4/50) had no blood flow signals. During CDFI and surgery, there were 5 (8.2%, 5/61) and 4 (6.6%, 4/61) eyes with visible proliferative lesions in the periphery, respectively; 18 (29.5%, 18/61) and 14 (23.0%, 14/61) eyes were distributed in the posterior pole, respectively; there were 38 (62.3%, 38/61) and 43 (70.5%, 43/61) eyes with both peripheral and posterior polar regions, respectively. The consistency between CDFI and surgery in detecting the location of proliferative lesions was good ( κ=0.832, 95% confidence interval 0.691-0.973, P<0.001). The two-dimensional ultrasound measurement results showed that the AL of the affected eye was shorter than that of the contralateral healthy eye in 46 cases (75.4%, 46/61). Among the 52 patients who underwent AL biometry, the AL of the affected eye was shorter than that of the contralateral healthy eye by (0.63±0.68) mm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-6.738, P<0.05). Conclusions:CDFI can clearly display various intraocular lesions (vitreous opacity and traction retinal detachment) and eyeball sizes in children with OT. Vitreous opacity is often manifested as "Christmas tree" like, clustered, strip-shaped.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of sports lottery purchase addiction behavior and provide evidence for health-re-lated services and public health intervention strategies for lottery buyers at different risk levels. Methods Based on International Classification of Diseases,11th Revision,and International Classification of Function-ing,Disability,and Health,the psychological and behavioral characteristics of lottery addiction and its functional impairments were analyzed.A questionnaire survey was conducted on 1 920 sports lottery buyers from Zhejiang,Hainan,Hunan,Gansu,Yunnan and Heilongjiang provinces from June to August,2024,using the Risk Level Questionnaire for Sports Lottery Addiction Behavior,the Characteristics Measurement Questionnaire for Sports Lottery Purchase Behavior,and the Functional Impairments Measurement Questionnaire for Sports Lottery Ad-diction Behavior.The health service system and public health intervention measures for sports lottery addiction were comprehensively discussed based on WHO policies and international research findings on gambling addic-tion. Results A total of 1 817 valid questionnaires were collected.There were significant differences in the prevalence of ad-dictive behavior at different risk levels across gender(χ2=12.804,P<0.005),age(χ2=40.825,P<0.001),in-come(χ2=41.522,P<0.001),economic zone(χ2=37.658,P<0.001)and years of lottery purchase history(χ2=66.520,P<0.001).The lottery participation(Z=-5.068,P<0.001),frequency of purchase(Z=-2.561,P=0.01)and expenditure-to-income ratio(Z=-4.062,P<0.001)increased in those with addictive behavior risk.Risk levels of addiction behavior significantly predicted physical harm,negative emotions,influences on work and academic performance,deterioration in interpersonal relationships,and financial problems,and prediction ef-fects increased with risk levels. Conclusion Lottery purchase addiction is predominant in young males with low incomes and short purchase histories,in central and western economic regions,which may be associated with purchase time,frequency and economic expenditure.Addiction behavior may impair individuals'physical,psychological and social functioning.A health-related service system encompassing prevention,intervention,rehabilitation and health promotion is needed to address lottery purchase addiction.Public health intervention strategies should focus on setting health goals,pri-oritizing health needs,mobilizing resources and implementing guidance plans,to provide support and services for groups at different risk levels of addiction to mitigate its harms.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the clinical features and prognosis of patients with massive pulmonary hemoptysis.Methods Patients with massive hemoptysis,who received bronchial artery embolization at authors'hospital between 2016 and 2018,were collected for this study.According to the gender,the patients were divided into female group(n=68)and male group(n=195).The primary disease,age at onset,length of hospital stay,bleeding site,embolization agent used,recurrence rate of hemoptysis,and mortality were calculated.SPSS.27.0 software was used to analyze the correlation between the age of onset,length of hospital stay,gender,recurrence of hemoptysis and death.RStudio4.2.2 software was used to make a normogram of patient's recurrent hemoptysis and death.Results The primary diseases in the top three were bacterial infection,bronchiectasis and old pulmonary tuberculosis,the incidences of them in the female group were 50％,22％and 15％respectively and in the male group were 43％,21％and 21％respectively.The mean age at onset in the female group was(54.6±16.8)years and in the male group was(60.1±14.0)years.The proportions of the bleeding site in the left lung,right lung,or both lungs in the female group were 6％,21％and 73％respectively and in the male group were 17％,21％and 62％respectively.The proportions of the used embolization agent of 350-560 μm PVA particles and 300-500 μm microspheres in the female group were 31％and 24％respectively and in the male group were 50％and 17％respectively.In the patients who had recurrent hemoptysis,the primary diseases in the top three were old pulmonary tuberculosis,pulmonary bacterial infection and bronchiectasis,the incidences of them in the female group were 33％,33％and 33％respectively and in the male group were 44％,34％and 10％respectively.The causes of death were much complex,in which pulmonary infection played an important role.Conclusion In patients with massive pulmonary hemoptysis,there are differences in the primary disease,bleeding site,applicable embolization agent,recurrence rate of hemoptysis,and mortality between females and males,in addition,the age is an independent influencing factor for recurrent hemoptysis and death.(J Intervent Radiol,2024,33:636-641)

Objective: To investigate the effects of long-term hyperglycemia on renal pathology of type 1 diabetic mellitus(T1DM) cynomolgus monkeys by establishing streptozotocin(STZ)-induced T1DM. Methods: Eight 4-year-old male cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into control and model groups. Four cynomolgus monkeys were used in the control group, and four cynomolgus monkeys were injected with streptozotocin to create a T1DM model. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) staining were used to observe renal pathological changes.The histological characteristics and changes were observed under transmission electron microscope. Morphometric measurements were used to analyze the glomerular area, the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane, the proportion of glomerular podocyte foot processes and the average area of foot processes. Results: In comparison to the control group, the model group showed pathological changes in the kidneys, including increased glomerular area(P<0.01), thickened basement membrane, capillary loop compression, disordered arrangement of endothelial cell fenestrations, proliferation of mesangial cells, mesangial expansion, accumulation of mesangial matrix glycoproteins, a decrease in the number of foot processes(P<0.001), a decrease in the average size of the foot processes(P<0.05), widened podocyte slit diaphragm, and an increase in the number of fused foot processes(P<0.001). Conclusion Cynomolgus monkeys with T1DM suffer from renal pathological changes due to long-term hyperglycemia.