Objective To explore the effects of Dushu pills on cognitive ability and mitochondrial dynamics related proteins in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(AD)based on network pharmacology.Methods The corresponding targets of Dushu pills and its related targets with AD were predicted using TCMSP database.The intersection targets of Dushu pills and AD were obtained by Venny website.The protein interaction network and drug-disease-target network were mapped using String database and Cytoscape software,respectively.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed for intersection targets using David database.The mouse model of AD was established by injecting Aβ25-35 into bilateral ventricles.The learning and memory ability of the mice was detected by behavioral tests,the mitochondrial damage of neurons in the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics was detected by Western blot.Results A total of 311 intersection targets related to drugs and diseases were screened out from the database.GO and KEGG analysis showed that the relevant targets were concentrated in mitochondria and other components,and concentrated in the pathways of ATP binding and positive regulation of MAPK activity.Compared with the normal group,the learning and memory ability of the model group was decreased(P<0.05),mitochondrial ridges appeared swelling and fracture(P<0.0001),decreased expression of MAPK,Mfn2 and OPA1 proteins in hippocampus(P<0.01),the expression of DRP1 protein increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the learning and memory ability of mice in the medium and high dose groups of Dushu pills was improved(P<0.05),mitochondrial damage was significantly improved(P<0.01),increased expression of MAPK,Mfn2 and OPA1 in the hippocampus(P<0.01),DRP1 protein expression decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Dushu pills can reduce mitochondrial damage,maintain mitochondrial homeostasis,and improve the cognitive and memory ability of AD mice.

Objective To explore the effects of Dushu pills on cognitive ability and mitochondrial dynamics related proteins in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(AD)based on network pharmacology.Methods The corresponding targets of Dushu pills and its related targets with AD were predicted using TCMSP database.The intersection targets of Dushu pills and AD were obtained by Venny website.The protein interaction network and drug-disease-target network were mapped using String database and Cytoscape software,respectively.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed for intersection targets using David database.The mouse model of AD was established by injecting Aβ25-35 into bilateral ventricles.The learning and memory ability of the mice was detected by behavioral tests,the mitochondrial damage of neurons in the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the expression of proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics was detected by Western blot.Results A total of 311 intersection targets related to drugs and diseases were screened out from the database.GO and KEGG analysis showed that the relevant targets were concentrated in mitochondria and other components,and concentrated in the pathways of ATP binding and positive regulation of MAPK activity.Compared with the normal group,the learning and memory ability of the model group was decreased(P<0.05),mitochondrial ridges appeared swelling and fracture(P<0.0001),decreased expression of MAPK,Mfn2 and OPA1 proteins in hippocampus(P<0.01),the expression of DRP1 protein increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the learning and memory ability of mice in the medium and high dose groups of Dushu pills was improved(P<0.05),mitochondrial damage was significantly improved(P<0.01),increased expression of MAPK,Mfn2 and OPA1 in the hippocampus(P<0.01),DRP1 protein expression decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Dushu pills can reduce mitochondrial damage,maintain mitochondrial homeostasis,and improve the cognitive and memory ability of AD mice.

Exosomes have the dual characteristics of promoting and inhibiting cancer and can induce the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of hepatoma cells by altering tumor microenvironment, promoting neovascularization, and regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Exosomes can regulate hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibit the growth and metastasis of hepatoma cells by regulating a variety of physiological and pathological processes, thus playing an important role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. It is pointed out that exosomes may become an effective antitumor treatment method through immune regulation and remodeling of tumor microcirculation.