Sedation can resolve anxiety and fear in patients undergoing endoscopy. The use of sedatives has increased in Korea. Appropriate sedation is a state in which the patient feels subjectively comfortable while maintaining the airway reflex for stable spontaneous breathing. The patient should maintain a state of consciousness to the extent that he or she can cooperate with the needs of the medical staff. Despite its benefits, endoscopic sedation has been associated with cardiopulmonary complications. Such cardiopulmonary complications are usually temporary, and most patients recover without sequelae. However, these events may progress to serious complications, such as cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, it is essential to screen high-risk patients before sedation and reduce complications by meticulous monitoring. Additionally, physicians should be familiar with the management of emergencies. The first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic sedation was developed based on previous worldwide guidelines for endoscopic sedation using an adaptation process. The guideline consists of nine recommendations based on a critical review of currently available data and expert consensus when the guideline was drafted. These guidelines should provide clinicians, nurses, medical school students, and policy makers with information on how to perform endoscopic sedation with minimal risk.

Sedation can resolve anxiety and fear in patients undergoing endoscopy. The use of sedatives has increased in Korea. Appropriate sedation is a state in which the patient feels subjectively comfortable while maintaining the airway reflex for stable spontaneous breathing. The patient should maintain a state of consciousness to the extent that he or she can cooperate with the needs of the medical staff. Despite its benefits, endoscopic sedation has been associated with cardiopulmonary complications. Cardiopulmonary complications are usually temporary. Most patients recover without sequelae. However, they may progress to serious complications, such as cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, it is essential to screen high-risk patients before sedation and reduce complications by meticulous monitoring. Additionally, physicians should be familiar with the management of emergencies. The first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic sedation was developed based on previous worldwide guidelines for endoscopic sedation using an adaptation process. The guideline consists of nine recommendations based on a critical review of currently available data and expert consensus when the guideline was drafted. These guidelines should provide clinicians, nurses, medical school students, and policy makers with information on how to perform endoscopic sedation with minimal risk.

Sedation can resolve anxiety and fear in patients undergoing endoscopy. The use of sedatives has increased in Korea. Appropriate sedation is a state in which the patient feels subjectively comfortable while maintaining the airway reflex for stable spontaneous breathing. The patient should maintain a state of consciousness to the extent that he or she can cooperate with the needs of the medical staff. Despite its benefits, endoscopic sedation has been associated with cardiopulmonary complications. Cardiopulmonary complications are usually temporary. Most patients recover without sequelae. However, they may progress to serious complications, such as cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, it is essential to screen high-risk patients before sedation and reduce complications by meticulous monitoring. Additionally, physicians should be familiar with the management of emergencies. The first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic sedation was developed based on previous worldwide guidelines for endoscopic sedation using an adaptation process. The guideline consists of nine recommendations based on a critical review of currently available data and expert consensus when the guideline was drafted. These guidelines should provide clinicians, nurses, medical school students, and policy makers with information on how to perform endoscopic sedation with minimal risk.

The Second Meeting of the National Control Laboratories for Vaccines and Biologicals in the Western Pacific, was jointly organized by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in the Republic of Korea, and by the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. In the National Lot Release Systems session countries including Canada, China, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Republic of Korea, all shared information on their current Lot Release Systems, including current practices and developments in risk-based official lot release of vaccines. In the session on Quality Control of Blood Products, experts from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control shared quality control and research results for; blood coagulation factor VIII products, and the measurement of procoagulant activity in immunoglobulin products. Representatives from Japan proposed a regional collaborative study to test aggregated immunoglobulin free from complement activity. A cell-based Japanese encephalitis vaccine potency assay was proposed by representatives from Korea and they also called for voluntary participation of other National Control Laboratories in a collaborative study, on the first Korean Gloydius anti-venom standard. Participants agreed in general to continue communicating, and coordinate presentation of the study results.
Blood Coagulation Factors ; Canada ; China ; Complement System Proteins ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; Factor VIII ; Immunoglobulins ; Japan ; Korea ; Malaysia ; Quality Control ; Republic of Korea ; Vaccine Potency ; Vaccines* ; Vietnam ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: To study the safety and efficacy of corneal reshaping and small-aperture inlays and compare the clinical results. METHODS: From February 2014 to November 2014, 22 corneal reshaping inlays were inserted at Asan Medical Center and from October 2012 to March 2013, 26 small-aperture inlay surgeries were performed: 6 eyes at Asan Medical Center and 20 eyes at Samsung Medical Center. The preoperative and postoperative parameters were reviewed retrospectively and included monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA; log MAR), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA; log MAR), refraction and corneal curvature based on automated refractor keratometry, reading distance and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: In the hydrogel inlay group, preoperative mean monocular UNVA was 0.83 +/- 0.05 and monocular UDVA 0.07 +/- 0.03. At 6 months, mean monocular UNVA was 0.23 +/- 0.05 and UDVA 0.05 +/- 0.02. The most preferred mean reading distance in the hydrogel inlay group was 39.38 +/- 3.18 cm. In the small-aperture inlay group, preoperative mean monocular UNVA was 0.4 +/- 0.06 and monocular uncorrected visual acuity 0.27 +/- 0.04. At 6 months, mean monocular UNVA was 0.11 +/- 0.02 and UDVA 0.09 +/- 0.05 and the most preferred mean reading distance was 44.23 +/- 5.17 cm. Although 85% of patients in the corneal reshaping inlay group were satisfied or very satisfied, only 20% of patients in the small-aperture inlay group were satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: Both inlays are considered good options for correcting presbyopia. However, postoperative satisfaction score was higher and less glare symptoms were reported in the hydrogel inlay group.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Glare ; Humans ; Hydrogel* ; Inlays* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Presbyopia* ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: With in vitro fertilization (IVF) becoming a common treatment for infertility, there has been an increasing number of studies on perinatal complications related to IVF. This study compares the clinical characteristics of twins at gestational age less than 34 weeks, between IVF and spontaneous conceived. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 138 preterm twins at gestational age less than 34 weeks, admitted between January 2009 and December 2011 to the neonatal intensive care units of two hospitals. Maternal and preterm infant's clinical characteristics of 58 IVF and 80 spontaneous conceived twins were compared. RESULTS: Maternal age was older in IVF twins (33.3+/-2.8 vs. 31.3+/-4.2, P-value=0.007), and there was no other significant difference between the two maternal groups. Gestational age was lesser in IVF twins (30.6+/-3.2 vs. 31.2+/-2.7, P-value=0.048). Age at the day of full enteral feeding (24.2+/-12.1 vs. 18.2+/-13.2, P-value<0.001) and age at day of full oral feeding (30.1+/-18.5 vs. 25.3+/-19.2, P-value<0.001) were significantly longer in IVF twins as adjusted by gestational age. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) showed higher incidence in IVF twins (P-value=0.011), but there was no significant difference between the two groups after adjusting gestational age. CONCLUSION: The clinical characteristics in IVF twins at gestational age less than 34 weeks were not significantly different from those of spontaneously conceived twins except age at the day of full enteral feeding and age at the day of full oral feeding after adjusting by gestational age.
Enteral Nutrition ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infertility ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Maternal Age ; Medical Records ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seizures ; Twins

At emergency room, most patients who presented with abrupt isolated vertigo without neurologic deficits were diagnosed as common vestibular disorder including vestibular neuritis. However posterior circulation stroke also can be a cause of the isolated vestibular vertigo. This condition is called vestibular pseudoneuritis. It is very important to differentiate vestibular pseudoneuritis from common vestibular disorder because of requiring different management and avoiding severe complication. Previous studies reported that head impulse test is one of bedside tests which represents unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Most patients of the vestibular neuritis shows positive head impulse test. However the head impulse test can be positive in central origin vertigo. So it is necessary to interpret the results of the test with caution. We report 2 cases of vestibular pseudoneuritis which showed positive head impulse test with a review of the related literatures.
Emergencies ; Head ; Humans ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Stroke ; Vertigo ; Vestibular Neuronitis

Pulmonary sequestration is an unusual malformation consisting of isolated nonfunctioning lung segments lacking communication with functional tracheobronchial trees. Systemic blood supply is commonly from the thoracic aorta, but arteries occasionally arise from other sites. We report a rare form of pulmonary sequestration with arterial supply from the right coronary artery.
Aged ; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration/*pathology/radiography ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies/*pathology/radiography ; Female ; Humans

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the clinical results of thoracolumbar burst fractures, managed by posterior fixation of 2 segments above and 1 segment below, using an offset sublaminar hook. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Mono-segment fixation above and below the injured vertebra, using posterior pedicle screw fixation, has the benefit of saving the uninjured mobile lumbar segment in thoracolumbar junction burst fracture patients. However, in a severely comminuted vertebral body, mono-segment fixation may not prevent loss of correction and metal failure. Options for such cases are additional anterior column support or long segment fixation, including 2 segments above and 1 below the injured vertebra. Instead of fixing 2 segments below the fracture level, fixation of one segment below, using the offset sublaminar hook, can save the uninjured segment, especially in the upper lumbar segment, with greater fixation strength than mono-segmental screws only. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study included eleven patients with a thoracolumbar junction burst fracture, which underwent posterior fixation using pedicle screws in 2 segments above and 1 segment below, aided by an offset sublaminar hook. The mean follow-up period was 30.7 months (range, 24 to 58 months). Radiographs taken at follow-up were evaluated for implant loosening, correction loss, change in pedicle screw angle, and loss of vertebral height, adjacent segment instability and junctional degenerative change. The clinical results were collected in out-patient department. RESULTS: No implant loosening was noted. No case showed adjacent instability, acceleration of junctional degenerative change at the lower end of lumbar segment or hook dislodgement. Also, there were no junctional area related symptoms. CONCLUSION: For posterior surgery of thoracolumbar burst fractures, this construct, fixing 2 segments above and 1 segment below injured vertebra, aided by an offset sublaminar hook, was satisfactory in maintaining fracture reduction, and showed no instability or acceleration of degeneration on adjacent segnents.
Acceleration ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine

With universal primer ITS1-F, the specific DHJ2 primer was developed to detect the Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips in soil and to identify the species of ECM fungi, as based on DNA sequences of rDNA stored in GeneBank of NCBI. This primer was designed with the common sites of rDNA of Amanita and Boletus, and was also designed with several DNA programs provided by NCBI. The DNA fragments synthesized by PCR were calculated to be 1,000 to 1,200 bps of DNA located to 18s to 28s rDNA to contain two variable sites of ITS, indicating much diversities for specific species or ecotypes of ECM fungi. The primer DHJ2 reacted with the genomic DNA's extracted from the tissues of basidiocarp at the rate of 73 of 80 fungi collected produced single bands with a 1,100 bps length. The DNA fragment synthesized with the genomic DNA that extracted from eight ECM tips of Pinus densiflora was confirmed and analysized to the rDNAs of ECM in full sequences, and informed to be a ECM fungal species in the forest.
Amanita ; Base Sequence ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Ecotype ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Fungi* ; Meristem ; Pinus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity* ; Soil ; Wood*