BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk for development of several diseases. Although average dietary sugar intake of Koreans is within the recommended level, an increasing trend has been found in all age groups. This study aimed to evaluate the population attributable fractions (PAF) to dietary sugar for disease and death in Korea, and to estimate the socioeconomic effects of a reduction in dietary sugar. MATERIALS/METHODS: The prevalence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) overconsumption (≥ 20 g of sugar from beverages) was analyzed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015. Disease-specific relative risks of excessive SSB consumption were obtained through reviewing previous studies. Using the prevalence of SSB overconsumption and each relative risk, PAFs for morbidity and mortality were calculated. Socioeconomic costs of diseases and death attributable to SSB overconsumption were estimated by using representative data on national medical expenditures, health insurance statistics, employment information, and previous reports. RESULTS: Disease-specific PAF to SSB consumption ranged from 3.11% for stroke to 9.05% for obesity and dental caries, respectively. Costs from disease caused by SSB overconsumption was estimated at 594 billion won in 2015. About 39 billion won was estimated to be from SSB consumption-related deaths, and a total of 633 billion won was predicted to have been saved through preventing SSB overconsumption. CONCLUSIONS: Sugars overconsumption causes considerable public burdens, although the cost estimates do not include any informal expenditure. Information on these socioeconomic effects helps both health professionals and policy makers to create and to implement programs for reducing sugar consumption.
Administrative Personnel ; Beverages ; Carbohydrates ; Dental Caries ; Dietary Sucrose ; Employment ; Health Expenditures ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea ; Mortality ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Stroke

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between sugary drinks and diabetes of adults in Wuhai city. METHODS: A multiple stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted on 8 131 residents who were between 35 and 79 years by cross-sectional study in Wuhai city. Questionnaires, physical measurements and laboratory tests were used to collect information on demographic information, dietary behavior, health status, blood glucose indicators. Besides, other covariate information was also collected by these ways. The analysis was carried out by chi-square test, trend chi-square test and multifactor Logistic regression. RESULTS: The detection rates of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes of people who were 35 years old and above in Wuhai city were 6.0% and 18.4%, respectively, and they both increased with age (P<0.01, P< 0.01). The detection rates of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes of the men were both far higher than the women (P< 0.01, P< 0.01). For the men, the detection rate of diabetes increased with age (P_trend<0.01), but for the women, and the detection rate of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes both increased with age (P_trend<0.01, P_trend<0.01). The consumption rate of sugary drinks of the people who were 35 years old and above in Wuhai city was 30.2%. And after all the subjects were classified into three groups, A (0- mL/d), B (16- mL/d), and C (237- mL/d) according to the daily different drinking quantities, statistical results found that group A accounted for 75.4%, group B for 21.5%, and group C for 3.1%. In group A, for comparison, the impaired fasting glucose OR values of group B and group C were 1.4 and 2.2, respectively. And diabetes OR values of group B and group C were 1.2 and 2.1 respectively compared with group A, and the trend of OR values increased both had statistical significance (P_trend <0.01, P_trend < 0.01). Also, after adjusting for other covariates in multifactor Logistic regression, the OR values of impaired fasting glucose in group B and group C were 1.6 and 3.8 respectively, and the OR values of diabetes were 1.9 and 4.9 respectively, compared with group A, and besides, the trend of OR values increased both still had statistical significance (P_trend <0.01, P_trend < 0.01). CONCLUSION Increased consumption of sugary drinks will increase the risk of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes. Residents in Wuhai city should control their consumption of sugary drinks.
Adult ; Aged ; Beverages ; Blood Glucose ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Dietary Sugars ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Despite overall reductions in heart disease prevalence, the risk of developing heart failure has remained 2-fold greater among people with diabetes. Growing evidence has supported that fluctuations in glucose level and uptake contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) by modifying proteins, DNA, and gene expression. In the case of glucose, clinical studies have shown that increased dietary sugars for healthy individuals or poor glycemic control in diabetic patients further increased CVD risk. Furthermore, even after decades of maintaining tight glycemic control, susceptibility to disease progression can persist following a period of poor glycemic control through a process termed "glycemic memory." In response to chronically elevated glucose levels, a number of studies have identified molecular targets of the glucose-mediated protein posttranslational modification by the addition of an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to impair contractility, calcium sensitivity, and mitochondrial protein function. Additionally, elevated glucose contributes to dysfunction in coupling glycolysis to glucose oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, and polyol pathway. Therefore, in the "sweetened" environment associated with hyperglycemia, there are a number of pathways contributing to increased susceptibly to "breaking" the heart of diabetics. In this review we will discuss the unique contribution of glucose to heart disease and recent advances in defining mechanisms of action.
Calcium ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies* ; Dietary Sucrose ; Disease Progression ; DNA ; Gene Expression ; Glucose* ; Glycolysis ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Pentose Phosphate Pathway ; Prevalence ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Development of efficient substrate formulas to improve yield and shorten production time is one of the prerequisites for commercial cultivation of edible mushrooms. In this study, fifteen substrate formulas consisting of varying ratios of palm press fibre (PPF), mahogany sawdust (MS), Gmelina sawdust, wheat bran (WB), and fixed proportions of 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 1% sucrose were assessed for efficient Lentinus squarrosulus production. Proximate compositions of mushrooms produced on the different substrate formulas were also analysed and compared. Substrate formulations containing 85% PPF, 13% WB, 1% CaCO3, and 1% sucrose were found to produce the highest carpophore yield, biological efficiency and size (206.5 g/kg, 61.96%, and 7.26 g, respectively). Days to production (first harvest) tended to increase with an increase in the amount of WB in the substrate formulas, except for PPF based formulas. The addition of WB in amounts equivalent to 8~18% in substrate formulas containing 80~90% PPF resulted in a decrease in the time to first harvest by an average of 17.7 days compared to 80~90% MS with similar treatment. Nutritional content of mushrooms was affected by the different substrate formulas. Protein content was high for mushrooms produced on formulas containing PPF as the basal substrate. Thus, formulas comprising PPF, WB, CaCO3, and sucrose at 85% : 13% : 1% : 1%) respectively could be explored as starter basal ingredients for efficient large scale production of L. squarrosulus.
Agaricales ; Calcium Carbonate ; Dietary Fiber ; Lentinula* ; Singing* ; Sucrose

OBJECTIVETo build a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model with cardiac ischemia.

METHODSMale Wistar rats were fed high sucrose and high fat diet for four weeks and then injected with streptozoticin (STZ) (40 mg/kg .i.p.). The levels of fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were monitored every week. The body weights of rats were also measured every week. The blood levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured following the electrocardiograph used BL-410 biological experiment system.

RESULTSThe serum insulin levels of diabetic rats were 4.05 ng/ml after four weeks high sucrose and high fat diet. The fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats were 17.9 mmol/L after injection. Compared with normal group, there was obvious change of S-T segment in the electrocardiograph of diabetic group at the fourteenth week. The levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in diabetic group significantly increased in comparison with those in normal group.

CONCLUSIONThe cardiac ischemia of diabetic rats model is suitable for investigating cardiac disease of diabetes mellitus.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Dietary Sucrose ; adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Streptozocin

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) revised the standards of care in diabetes patients in 2014. An important component of the revised guidelines is increased consideration of individual patient factors, with patient-specific recommendations about glycemic index/glycemic load, dietary fiber, sucrose, fructose etc. Education of diabetic patients needs to include information about the amount and quality of carbohydrate intake. It can be difficult to understand the factors affecting the quality of carbohydrate intake; therefore, we have to take into these factors into consideration when providing clinical nutrition education and assistance.
Diabetes Mellitus* ; Dietary Fiber ; Education ; Fructose ; Humans ; Nutrition Therapy ; Standard of Care ; Sucrose

The authors describe the use of a self-expandable stent in a temporary deployment for treatment of a very wide-neck A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysm following incomplete clipping. A 39-year-old hypertensive man presenting with seizure-like movement underwent computed tomography, which showed acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and an A1 segment of ACA aneurysm with superior and inferior projection. He underwent surgical clipping of the aneurysm, but superior and posterior portion of wide-neck aneurysm remained. We decided to treat the remnant aneurysm using an endovascular modality. After selection of the aneurysm, coil packing was performed assisted by the temporary semi-jailing technique. The Enterprise stent (Cordis Neurovascular, Miami, FL, USA) was deployed and recaptured repeatedly for angiography to ensure safety of the small caliber parent artery. Successful semi-deployment and recapture of the stent allowed subtotal coil occlusion of the aneurysm with good anatomic and clinical results. No complications were encountered. The stent could be recaptured up to the point where the proximal end of the stent marker was aligned with distal marker band of the microcatheter, approximately 70% of the stent length. The temporary semi-jailing technique is feasible for wide-neck aneurysm with small caliber parent artery.
Aneurysm ; Angiography ; Anterior Cerebral Artery ; Arteries ; Dietary Sucrose ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Parents ; Stents ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Surgical Instruments

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze oncologic outcomes after transanal local excision (LE) to ensure adequate surveillance of recurrence in order to treat with curative intent. METHODS: Between January 2000 and June 2009, 102 patients who underwent transanal LE for rectal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients, 53 (52.0%) were male. The mean age was 57 +/- 11 years. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed 93 cases (91.2%) of pathologic T stage (pT)1 and 9 cases (8.8%) of pT2. Forty-eight patients (47.1%) underwent adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy. The median follow-up interval was 60 months (range, 3 to 146 months). Seven (6.9%) out of 15 patients who suffered recurrence had locoregional recurrence, three (2.9%) had systemic recurrence and five (4.9%) had both systemic and locoregional recurrence. The latter five patients and two of the three patients with systemic recurrence died because of the disease recurrence. On the other hand, only one of the seven patients with locoregional recurrence died because of disease recurrence. CONCLUSION: Systemic recurrence after transanal LE results in fatal consequences. Therefore, not only is it important to identify ideal candidates for LE, but intensive postoperative surveillance is important as well to identify curable recurrence as soon as possible.
Adenocarcinoma ; Dietary Sucrose ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

The International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities has suggested three roles for a country's medical regulatory authority: first, it should provide the graduates of medical schools and immigrant physicians licenses to practice in the country; second, it should provide high-quality educational and training programs to promote and maintain the health and safety of the public and ensure professionalism; third, it should resolve public complaints regarding medical practice so as to increase rapport between professionals and the public. In Korea, the first function has been performed by the National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board. The second function has been executed by the Korean Medical Association as required by medical law since 2012. No authority has been designated to deal with the third function, so this role has been ceded to the legal market. There are three major reasons that the time has come to establish medical regulatory authority in Korea. First, to assure a minimum quality of medical service, more vigorous continuing medical education must be required for licensure. Second, specific and comprehensive preparation should be made available for medical professionals who immigrate, including physicians from North Korea. Third, the establishment of a regulatory authority is the easiest and most reasonable way to establish and promote a level of professionalism that is respected by the public. To establish a medical regulatory authority in Korea, not only physicians but also the government and the public should participate in discussions of this topic. The medical societies should lead the process of discussion, and the societies' agreement with any regulatory outcomes should be obtained.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Dietary Sucrose ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Licensure ; Licensure, Medical ; Quality Control ; Registries ; Schools, Medical ; Societies, Medical

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from respiratory specimens of patients with newly diagnosed and previously treated tuberculosis. METHODS: From February 2010 to July 2010, a total of 542 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were collected from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in six university hospitals distributed throughout Korea. We analyzed the results of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance tests according to treatment history and geographic location. RESULTS: Among the 542 isolates, 473 (87.3%) were from newly diagnosed cases and 69 (12.7%) were from previously treated cases. The rates of multi-drug resistance (MDR), fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) resistance, and extensive drug resistance (XDR) were 3.8%, 1.1-1.5%, and 0%, respectively, in new cases, and 21.7%, 13.0-17.4%, and 4.3%, respectively, in previously treated cases. In the previously treated cases, the proportions of XDR-TB in MDR-TB were 20% (3/15). The resistance rates were variable according to geographic location. CONCLUSION: As the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance rates are much higher in newly diagnosed cases than in previously treated patients, efforts should be made to ensure that tuberculosis treatment is successful. In addition, before the selection of an anti-tuberculosis drug treatment for previously treated patients, the susceptibility test results, including to fluoroquinolone, should be verified.
Dietary Sucrose ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Korea ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Ofloxacin ; Prevalence ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary