BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk for development of several diseases. Although average dietary sugar intake of Koreans is within the recommended level, an increasing trend has been found in all age groups. This study aimed to evaluate the population attributable fractions (PAF) to dietary sugar for disease and death in Korea, and to estimate the socioeconomic effects of a reduction in dietary sugar. MATERIALS/METHODS: The prevalence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) overconsumption (≥ 20 g of sugar from beverages) was analyzed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015. Disease-specific relative risks of excessive SSB consumption were obtained through reviewing previous studies. Using the prevalence of SSB overconsumption and each relative risk, PAFs for morbidity and mortality were calculated. Socioeconomic costs of diseases and death attributable to SSB overconsumption were estimated by using representative data on national medical expenditures, health insurance statistics, employment information, and previous reports. RESULTS: Disease-specific PAF to SSB consumption ranged from 3.11% for stroke to 9.05% for obesity and dental caries, respectively. Costs from disease caused by SSB overconsumption was estimated at 594 billion won in 2015. About 39 billion won was estimated to be from SSB consumption-related deaths, and a total of 633 billion won was predicted to have been saved through preventing SSB overconsumption. CONCLUSIONS: Sugars overconsumption causes considerable public burdens, although the cost estimates do not include any informal expenditure. Information on these socioeconomic effects helps both health professionals and policy makers to create and to implement programs for reducing sugar consumption.
Administrative Personnel ; Beverages ; Carbohydrates ; Dental Caries ; Dietary Sucrose ; Employment ; Health Expenditures ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea ; Mortality ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Stroke

Despite overall reductions in heart disease prevalence, the risk of developing heart failure has remained 2-fold greater among people with diabetes. Growing evidence has supported that fluctuations in glucose level and uptake contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) by modifying proteins, DNA, and gene expression. In the case of glucose, clinical studies have shown that increased dietary sugars for healthy individuals or poor glycemic control in diabetic patients further increased CVD risk. Furthermore, even after decades of maintaining tight glycemic control, susceptibility to disease progression can persist following a period of poor glycemic control through a process termed "glycemic memory." In response to chronically elevated glucose levels, a number of studies have identified molecular targets of the glucose-mediated protein posttranslational modification by the addition of an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to impair contractility, calcium sensitivity, and mitochondrial protein function. Additionally, elevated glucose contributes to dysfunction in coupling glycolysis to glucose oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, and polyol pathway. Therefore, in the "sweetened" environment associated with hyperglycemia, there are a number of pathways contributing to increased susceptibly to "breaking" the heart of diabetics. In this review we will discuss the unique contribution of glucose to heart disease and recent advances in defining mechanisms of action.
Calcium ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies* ; Dietary Sucrose ; Disease Progression ; DNA ; Gene Expression ; Glucose* ; Glycolysis ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Pentose Phosphate Pathway ; Prevalence ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Development of efficient substrate formulas to improve yield and shorten production time is one of the prerequisites for commercial cultivation of edible mushrooms. In this study, fifteen substrate formulas consisting of varying ratios of palm press fibre (PPF), mahogany sawdust (MS), Gmelina sawdust, wheat bran (WB), and fixed proportions of 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 1% sucrose were assessed for efficient Lentinus squarrosulus production. Proximate compositions of mushrooms produced on the different substrate formulas were also analysed and compared. Substrate formulations containing 85% PPF, 13% WB, 1% CaCO3, and 1% sucrose were found to produce the highest carpophore yield, biological efficiency and size (206.5 g/kg, 61.96%, and 7.26 g, respectively). Days to production (first harvest) tended to increase with an increase in the amount of WB in the substrate formulas, except for PPF based formulas. The addition of WB in amounts equivalent to 8~18% in substrate formulas containing 80~90% PPF resulted in a decrease in the time to first harvest by an average of 17.7 days compared to 80~90% MS with similar treatment. Nutritional content of mushrooms was affected by the different substrate formulas. Protein content was high for mushrooms produced on formulas containing PPF as the basal substrate. Thus, formulas comprising PPF, WB, CaCO3, and sucrose at 85% : 13% : 1% : 1%) respectively could be explored as starter basal ingredients for efficient large scale production of L. squarrosulus.
Agaricales ; Calcium Carbonate ; Dietary Fiber ; Lentinula* ; Singing* ; Sucrose

OBJECTIVETo build a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model with cardiac ischemia.

METHODSMale Wistar rats were fed high sucrose and high fat diet for four weeks and then injected with streptozoticin (STZ) (40 mg/kg .i.p.). The levels of fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were monitored every week. The body weights of rats were also measured every week. The blood levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured following the electrocardiograph used BL-410 biological experiment system.

RESULTSThe serum insulin levels of diabetic rats were 4.05 ng/ml after four weeks high sucrose and high fat diet. The fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats were 17.9 mmol/L after injection. Compared with normal group, there was obvious change of S-T segment in the electrocardiograph of diabetic group at the fourteenth week. The levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in diabetic group significantly increased in comparison with those in normal group.

CONCLUSIONThe cardiac ischemia of diabetic rats model is suitable for investigating cardiac disease of diabetes mellitus.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Dietary Sucrose ; adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Streptozocin

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) revised the standards of care in diabetes patients in 2014. An important component of the revised guidelines is increased consideration of individual patient factors, with patient-specific recommendations about glycemic index/glycemic load, dietary fiber, sucrose, fructose etc. Education of diabetic patients needs to include information about the amount and quality of carbohydrate intake. It can be difficult to understand the factors affecting the quality of carbohydrate intake; therefore, we have to take into these factors into consideration when providing clinical nutrition education and assistance.
Diabetes Mellitus* ; Dietary Fiber ; Education ; Fructose ; Humans ; Nutrition Therapy ; Standard of Care ; Sucrose

Toxocariasis is an endemic parasitic infection and one of the most common causes of peripheral blood eosinophilia in Korea. The clinical manifestation is atypical, which makes it difficult to distinguish toxocariasis from other clinical conditions. Serologic tests for helminthic or protozoal infections frequently show positive results in general population and measurement of serum specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against Toxocaria canis (T. canis) using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has a problem of cross-reactivity with those helminthes or protozoas in Korea. To avoid problems of cross-reactivity with other helminthes or protozoas and ensure the diagnosis of toxocariasis, western blotting procedure with excretory-secretory antigens from T. canis larvae was recommended.
Blotting, Western ; Dietary Sucrose ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophilia ; Helminths ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin G ; Korea ; Larva ; Serologic Tests ; Toxocara canis ; Toxocariasis

Unlike medical students, doctors-in-training (residents) are physicians who can legally provide medical treatment with a medical doctor's license obtained from Korea the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and thus they are liable for the care they provide. Therefore, residents need to be aware of the legal and risks they facing in medical practice and ensure that they have the ability to deal with such risks. Legal responsibilities of residents can be examined from three perspectives: the relationships between patients and doctors, the relationships between doctors and medical officials, and the Korean health and welfare system. With regard to the relationships between patients and doctors, the legal responsibilities of doctors-in-training span a diverse range of liability for explanation (informed consent), malpractice, medical records, prohibition on revealing medical secrets, emergency medical treatment, treatment for the opposite sex, and other basic responsibilities. They will be liable for any damage caused under Article 268 of the Criminal Code, which addresses the crime of professional negligence resulting in injury or in death, and Article 750 of the Civil Code, which addresses torts liability, and above and beyond them of legal liability in general. With regard to the relationships between doctors and medical officials, the legal responsibilities can be classified into two types of relationships. One is between a doctor and a senior doctor, and the other is between a doctor and a doctor from a different medical specialization. it there is miscommunication between two or more doctors, it could lead to poor outcomes for patients. Regarding the health and welfare system, the issuance of medical licenses and the duty of notification are the most important legal responsibilities. The system's treatment of residents require special caution as issuance of falsified medical licenses has caused serious social problems. Laws that state the various notification duties allow no exceptions even for the residents. Residints should therefore understand the basic notification duties involved in cases of accidental death, child abuse, and etc. and prepare for contingencies.
Child ; Child Abuse ; Crime ; Criminals ; Dietary Sucrose ; Dissent and Disputes ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Liability, Legal ; Licensure ; Malpractice ; Medical Records ; Social Problems ; Students, Medical

BACKGROUND: There is no comprehensive report on the donor reaction rate among blood donors in South Korea. We attempted to analyze the patterns and rates of immediate blood donor reactions and the current status of the reporting system in our country. METHODS: Immediate donor reaction rate was defined as the number of donor reaction cases in 10,000 donations during or immediately after donation. We retrospectively analyzed the 4,835,499 donations collected in 2 yr (2008 and 2009) at the Korean Red Cross Blood Center. The data presented are the average data of the 2 yr. RESULTS: The overall donor reaction rate was 8.7. The rate for subcutaneous bleeding, vasovagal reaction, and nerve injury was 4.1, 4.0, and 0.1, respectively. For citrate reaction, which occurred among apheresis donations, the donor reaction rate was 0.4. The overall reaction rates among male and female donors were 6.0 and 16.2, respectively. The rates were highest in teenagers (12.0) and lowest in those in their forties (4.3). The most frequent reaction in male donors was subcutaneous bleeding (3.3); that in female donors was vasovagal reaction (8.9). CONCLUSIONS: The donor reaction rate of the study was lower than that of other countries or that of domestic prospective studies by a local blood center. These data suggested that the reporting system for blood donor reactions in Korean donors is not active, and that national standards and the continuing education of blood-collection personnel regarding donor reactions should be established to ensure reliable data collection.
Adolescent ; Blood Component Removal ; Blood Donors ; Citric Acid ; Data Collection ; Dietary Sucrose ; Education, Continuing ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Red Cross ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Tissue Donors

The number of sedations performed for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that do not require general anesthesia is increasing. As most sedations are performed by non-anesthesiologists, safety is has become a critical issue in light of recent adverse outcomes reported in the media. To ensure the safety of patients undergoing sedation for minor procedures, standards regarding patient selection, education, drugs, equipment, facilities, sedation protocols, recovery, and monitoring should be developed and publicized as they have been in the US and European countries. Guidelines developed regarding sedation and analgesia are similar and share their most important goal: patient safety. Any barriers that interfere with achieving this goal should be identified and eliminated. A Korean version of sedation guidelines should be developed. Guidelines that have both the clinical integrity of evidence and consideration of the real world should be developed and enforced.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Dietary Sucrose ; Humans ; Light ; Patient Safety ; Patient Selection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with antireflux procedure is considered to be a standard treatment for achalasia. Recently, peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) was developed and performed on patients with achalasia. However, there is no report on POEM use in South Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of POEM in a porcine model. METHODS: POEM was performed on two mini pigs. We performed upper endoscopy under general anesthesia. A submucosal tunnel was created and the circular muscle layer was incised using several knives. The mucosal entry was closed using resolution clips. We performed a follow-up endoscopy and sacrificed the pigs 2 weeks after the POEM. The myotomy site was evaluated grossly and histologically. RESULTS: POEM was successfully performed on the two mini pigs. No injuries to any abdominal or mediastinal structures occurred. Two weeks after the POEM, the esophageal mucosa healed without any endoscopic evidence of complications. Necropsy revealed that the circular muscle layer was completely lost and replaced with fibrotic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We found that POEM is a technically feasible method which can be performed on an animal model. However, to ensure safe use on patients with achalasia, further studies on technical methods and long-term follow-up examinations are required.
Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Dietary Sucrose ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal Achalasia ; Esophagus ; Feasibility Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Mucous Membrane ; Muscles ; Republic of Korea ; Swine