We investigated the effects of naringenin and morin on IL-5 and ROS production in PMA+ionomycin-treated EL-4 cells with the corroboration of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using an asthma-induced mouse model. The EL-4 cell line was used to study the outcomes of naringenin or morin, followed by cell viability studies. Western blot analysis and ELISA test were used to determine Th2 mediated cytokines. In vivo studies were carried out on BALB/c mice to induce allergic asthma using ovalbumin administered intraperitoneally. Intracellular ROS was determined using 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, followed by serum enzymatic (AST and ALT) estimations and inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues. Histopathological studies were conducted to examine lung tissue-stained architecture. Our findings suggested that naringenin and morin significantly suppressed IL-5 and ROS production via various pathways. Interestingly, by reducing NFAT activity, naringenin and morin stimulated HO-1 expression, thereby suppressing IL-5 secretion due to regulating the transcription factor Nrf2 via P13/Akt or ERK/JNK signalling pathways in EL-4 cells, demonstrating the involvement of HO-1 expression in inhibiting asthmatic inflammation. The increased inflammatory cells in the BALF were substantially decreased by both naringenin and morin, followed by inhibition in the elevated Th-2 cytokines levels. The TNF-α protein levels in an allergic asthma mouse model were significantly reduced by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and eosinophil formation. Recent findings confirmed that naringenin and morin possess the potential to control asthma-related immune responses through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, indicating potential therapeutic agents or functional foods.

Objective:To investigate the physiological changes of people when advancing rapidly to the plateau, and to evaluate the performance of high-altitude simulation device.Methods:A total of 24 healthy volunteers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 individuals in each by the random number table method. The high-altitude simulation device was used to simulate the plateau in two stages. The first stage simulated an altitude of 3 500 m (equivalent to high altitude), and the second stage was performed after an interval of 24 hours from the first stage, which simulated an altitude of 5 000 m (equivalent to ultra-high altitude). During the two stages, for blood routine and blood gas analysis, blood samples were taken before entering the chamber of each stage, and at the simulated altitudes of 3 500 and 5 000 m in the chamber. Furthermore, ECG tests were also conducted before and after entering the chamber. In the case of cardiac abnormality, the cardiac enzyme test would be carried out. Meanwhile, one volunteer in each group was under ECG monitoring.Results:As the simulated altitude increased, the volunteers’ pulse rates increased gradually, while their saturation of periferal oxygen(SpO 2) decreased gradually. Comparing the pulse rate and SpO 2 at 3 500 m with those before entering the chamber, and comparing the pulse rate and SpO 2 at 5 000 m with those before entering the chamber; all the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). The blood routine tests demonstrated a significant increase in the total counts of red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets and white blood cells and other contents at the first stage, i. e., 3 500 m; and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before entering the chamber ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). Furthermore, the pH values increased gradually, whereas arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), oxygen saturation (SaO 2), and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) decreased gradually. The significant decrease in HCO 3- showed at 5, 000 m, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before entering the chamber ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). Conclusion:The plateau simulation can reflect physiological changes of the human body after advancing rapidly to the plateau under the premise of ensuring safety. It has laid a foundation for the further implementation of plateau acclimatization on plain area.

Objective:To investigate the physiological changes of people when advancing rapidly to the plateau, and to evaluate the performance of high-altitude simulation device.Methods:A total of 24 healthy volunteers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 individuals in each by the random number table method. The high-altitude simulation device was used to simulate the plateau in two stages. The first stage simulated an altitude of 3 500 m (equivalent to high altitude), and the second stage was performed after an interval of 24 hours from the first stage, which simulated an altitude of 5 000 m (equivalent to ultra-high altitude). During the two stages, for blood routine and blood gas analysis, blood samples were taken before entering the chamber of each stage, and at the simulated altitudes of 3 500 and 5 000 m in the chamber. Furthermore, ECG tests were also conducted before and after entering the chamber. In the case of cardiac abnormality, the cardiac enzyme test would be carried out. Meanwhile, one volunteer in each group was under ECG monitoring.Results:As the simulated altitude increased, the volunteers’ pulse rates increased gradually, while their saturation of periferal oxygen(SpO 2) decreased gradually. Comparing the pulse rate and SpO 2 at 3 500 m with those before entering the chamber, and comparing the pulse rate and SpO 2 at 5 000 m with those before entering the chamber; all the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). The blood routine tests demonstrated a significant increase in the total counts of red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets and white blood cells and other contents at the first stage, i. e., 3 500 m; and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before entering the chamber ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). Furthermore, the pH values increased gradually, whereas arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), oxygen saturation (SaO 2), and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) decreased gradually. The significant decrease in HCO 3- showed at 5, 000 m, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before entering the chamber ( P<0.05, or P<0.01). Conclusion:The plateau simulation can reflect physiological changes of the human body after advancing rapidly to the plateau under the premise of ensuring safety. It has laid a foundation for the further implementation of plateau acclimatization on plain area.