Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

: The increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and economic development, presents significant individuals, families, challenges and to healthcare systems. These diseases are often linked to lifestyle choices, poor diet, and physical inactivity. As a result, there is growing interest in finding alternatives to synthetic drugs, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are known to contain bioactive compounds that offer therapeutic properties with fewer side effects compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. This study explores the cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) and Inula helenium (elecampane) extracts against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells.
The study found that both plant extracts were non-toxic at doses ranging from 1 to 25 µg/mL and promoted cell growth (p<0.01). The results suggest that these extracts support cell survival and exhibit biological activity.
To assess the antioxidant effects, various concentrations of H₂O₂ (10–400 µM) were tested, and 200 µM was found to significantly reduce cell viability. Licorice and elecampane extracts (10 µg/mL and 25 µg/ mL, respectively) enhanced cell viability and reduced oxidative damage. Both extracts significantly reduced cell death compared to the H₂O₂-only group (p<0.01), highlighting their potent antioxidant properties. Conclusion Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Inula helenium extracts demonstrated strong cytoprotective and antioxidant effects, supporting their potential as natural therapeutics for oxidative stress-related conditions.

This clinical review provides a summary of information on antibiotic-food interactions. The effects of medications vary from person to person due to multiple interactions. These include drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions, which are influenced by everything an individual consumes. While drug-drug interactions are relatively well studied and understood by healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, drugfood interactions are often overlooked, even by medical professionals.
As a result, medications' effects may become stronger, weaker, or completely absent, and in some cases, this may lead to toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to enhance awareness of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals and the general public to improve treatment outcomes. Food-drug interactions are more noteworthy compared to other interactions. This is because dietary habits are often not recorded in a patient’s medical history and are not always included in consultations with healthcare professionals. However, the risk of adverse effects is the same for both food and medication.
Particularly, solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, and pills should be taken with water. If taken with other beverages— such as milk, alcohol, coffee, or fruit juices— they can affect the drug's pharmacokinetics (absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion), potentially increasing side effects or suppressing the drug’s effectiveness. Spoiled food, food that has not been stored in a refrigerator, or aged, pickled, fermented, or smoked foods may contain tyramine. Therefore, special caution should be taken to avoid consuming these foods during medication treatment. Tyramine is also found in foods like bananas, avocados, raisins, raspberries, and soy sauce.
When Linezolid is taken with foods high in tyramine, it can cause a sudden and dangerous increase in blood pressure. Thus, it is important to check food labels and ingredients carefully.

Background: The skin barrier serves as the primary defense against environmental factors. Mongolia’s extreme climate conditions may contribute to skin barrier impairment, increased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and decreased skin moisture. Objective: To determine and compare skin moisture, TEWL, and skin pH levels in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 with 104 relatively healthy children selected through random sampling. Skin physiological parameters, including skin moisture, skin pH and TEWL were measured following the EEMCO (European Group on Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products) guidelines using the Multi Skin Test MC750 device (Courage+Khazaka Electronics, Germany) at nine different sites. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata-14 software. Results: Among the participants, 51.9% (n=54) reported having dry skin (p<0.0001). Additionally, 64.5% (n=67) used moisturizers, but their usage did not show a statistically significant difference in skin moisture (p=0.929), skin pH (p=0.378), or TEWL (p=0.332). 14.42% (n=15) had extremely dry skin, while 85.58% (n=89) had dry skin, with no participants falling within the normal skin moisture range. TEWL showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r=-0.331, p=0.0006). When analyzed by age groups, skin moisture (p=0.023) and TEWL (p=0.038) differed significantly between groups. Conclusion Skin moisture and TEWL significantly differ across age groups. Given that all participants had dry skin, moisturization is crucial. Mongolia’s extreme climate is likely a key contributing factor to childhood skin dryness.

Background: According to the results of the research conducted in Mongolia in 2011 within the framework of the national program "Oral Health", 86.2% of young children had tooth decay, and the intensity of tooth decay was 6.2, which is a high level. In recent years, not only in our country, but also in the world, due to the increase in the prevalence of tooth decay in young children, the disease of other organ systems caused by tooth decay has also increased, which is the basis of our research. Purpose: To study the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students and comparing them with some indicators Objective:
1. To estimate the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students
2. To study the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students by comparing some parameters. Methodology: A total of 1298 students aged 6-18 years of Bayanzurkh Complex School of the capital were included in the study. Determine the body mass index ,The Lith the lip method was used to calculate the intensity of dental caries and it was assessed by the World Health Result: 675(52%) of the respondents were male and 623(48%) were female, 7.6% were underweight, 68% were normal weight, 14.7% were overweight, and 9.7% were obese.
When examining the state of dental disease of the participants, 9% were healthy, 91% had dental disease, the intensity of caries was 4.9 CSI, and the need for rehabilitation was 319. Out of this, in children with permanent teeth, the intensity of caries in great molars and in children with mixed teeth is higher in second molars. Conclusion The intensity of dental caries is 4.9 cla/sh or more, and the prevalence is high, and there are 319 children who need to be treated immediately.
The intensity of dental caries was medium for 6-13 year olds and low for 14-19 year olds, and the caries intensity of normal weight children was 3.3 or medium.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Background: Determining refractive errors among general education school students by age and gender Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional model based on the examination records of 5,202 students from School No. 24 and School No. 37 by the ophthalmologist of the Chingeltei District Health Center in Ulaanbaatar. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The average age of all students included in the study was 11.37 ± 3.27 years. Among the participants, 62% (n = 3,208) were from School No. 24, and 38% (n = 1,994) were from School No. 37. Of the students from School No. 24, 18.6% (n = 597) had refractive errors. Specifically: Myopia was present in 17.2% (n = 552), with 6.1% male and 11.1% female. Hypermetropia was found in 0.68% (n = 22), with 0.43% male and 0.25% female. Astigmatism was detected in 0.72% (n = 23), with 0.34% male and 0.38% female. From School No. 37, 6.23% (n = 200) of students were diagnosed with refractive errors. Specifically: Myopia affected 5.23% (n = 168), with 1.96% male and 3.27% female. Hypermetropia was found in 0.16% (n = 5), with 0.07% male and 0.09% female. Astigmatism was present in 0.84% (n = 23), with 0.28% male and 0.56% female. There is a very weak negative correlation between myopia and age, as well as between myopia and gender, which is statistically significant. There is also a very weak negative correlation between astigmatism and age, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Our study found that among the types of refractive errors, myopia was the most common, with female students being more susceptible compared to males. The two schools included in the study represent both central (School No. 24) and peripheral (School No. 37) areas of Ulaanbaatar. Refractive errors were found to be more prevalent among students from the central school (School No. 24).

Introduction: While 10 percent of global total population was above the age of 65 in 2022, it tends to rise to 16 percent in 2050. In the case of our country, as of 2021, individuals aged 60 and above comprised 7.7% of the total population, with tendency of an increase to 11.9% by 2030 and 21.1% by 2050. In 2018, a study conducted in Brazil, involving 573 elderly participants, found that 10.3% regularly taking five or more medications. This highlights the necessity of studying polypharmacy among the elderly. Goal: To identify inappropriate medication use among the elderly Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by analytic cross sectional design. Furthermore, the study was conducted during July 1, 2024, to October 1, 2024, in Ulaanbaatar, covering 6 districts. A total of 12 Family Health Centers (FHCs) were selected, including one from an apartment district and one from a ger district in each area. A random sampling method was used to select 238 elderly individuals aged 55 and above for females and 60 and above for males. From each district, 20 participants were selected, maintaining a gender ratio of 1:1. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s Chisquare test and multiple logistic regression analysis. The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the research ethics committee of “Ach” Medical University. Results: Among the 238 participants in the study, the gender distribution was equal, with 119 females (50%) and 119 males (50%). When analyzing the primary conditions requiring for regular medication by organ system, cardiovascular diseases were the most common, accounting for 89.9% (214) of total cases.
Among the elderly patients included in the study, 68% were found to have inappropriate medication use. Elderly females, aged 85 years and older (n=6, 100%) demonstrated a statistically significant higher prevalence of inappropriate medication use compared to other age groups (p =.023). Among those with inappropriate medication use, 54.9% were females and 45.1% were males, a difference that was also statistically significant (p = .026). Inappropriate medication use was significantly associated with the type of medication used for the primary disease (p = .001), dosage (p = .000), duration of use (p = .000), frequency of daily intake (p =.003), use of medications due to comorbidities (p =.000), and whether the medication was prescribed by a physician (p = .001).According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.25–4.29, p = .008), gender (OR 0.574, 95% CI 0.356–0.924, p = .022), education level (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.21–3.58, p = .008), and pension status (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.586–1.83, p = .904) were found to be influencing factors for inappropriate medication use. Conclutions 1. Inappropriate medication use among the elderly accounts for 68%.

Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency can lead to genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), which manifests as vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and sexual dysfunction, among other clinical symptoms. These complications often result in emotional distress and a decline in overall quality of life (7). Several studies estimate that 25–50% of postmenopausal women experience symptoms such as pain during intercourse, burning, itching, and dysuria due to vaginal atrophy and inflammation (9). Menopause is commonly diagnosed based on the absence of menstruation and hormone levels (10), but one of the simplest diagnostic methods is the evaluation of the vaginal microenvironment. There is limited data in Mongolia regarding the vaginal microenvironment of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women and the factors influencing its changes. This gap in knowledge formed the basis of our study. The aim of this research was to assess the vaginal microenvironment in menopausal women and to analyze its relationship with various influencing factors. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using a descriptive research design. A total of 110 women aged 45–55 years, presenting with menopausal symptoms at “Santmaral” Women’s Clinic and the Women’s Outpatient Department of Songinokhairkhan Health Center, were selected for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed, including surveys and physical examinations. Participants completed a 10-minute questionnaire consisting of 8 open-ended and 12 closed-ended questions. The vaginal microenvironment was assessed using special pH test strips applied to vaginal secretions. Data were analyzed using Excel 21 and SPSS 23, comparing the vaginal microenvironment with various influencing factors. The results showed that the average vaginal microenvironment pH among menopausal women was 5.18 ± 0.45 (n=110). In married women, the average pH was 5.1 ± 0.45; among women with a history of pregnancy, it was 4.10 ± 1.58; and among those who had given birth, it was 2.8 ± 0.98 — indicating an abnormal vaginal microenvironment. Women who were using hormone replacement therapy had an average pH of 5.05 ± 0.45, while those using non-hormonal contraceptive methods had an average pH of 5.3 ± 0.43. These findings were statistically significant (p = 0.0001****)

Although dairy is traditional in Mongolia, urbanization and lifestyle changes have produced uneven consumption patterns. We aimed to quantify dairy and calcium intakes across demographic groups and compare them with national recommendations. In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled 142 adults (workers 39, herders 38, students 41, retirees 24). A food frequency questionnaire (11 dairy groups; 250 items) was used to estimate daily intakes. Calcium and fiber were derived from international food composition tables. Group differences were assessed using the Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal– Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc (Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment), and Spearman correlation. Dairy intake differed markedly by residence: rural participants had a 6.69-fold higher mean (95% CI 4.13–10.51) and a 3.38-fold higher median (95% CI 2.49–5.89) than urban participants (Wilcoxon p<0.001). By occupation, herders had the highest intakes (Kruskal–Wallis χ²(3)=37.4, p=3.8×10⁻⁷); Dunn’s tests showed herders > workers/ students/retirees (adjusted p<0.05 for most pairs). Estimated calcium intake averaged
~600 mg/day in urban participants (below the 800 mg/day target) and
~2700 mg/day in rural participants (approaching the tolerable upper level in some cases). Students had the lowest intakes, and women consumed less than men. A weak inverse association was observed between fiber and dairy intake. Dairy intake varied significantly across occupational subgroups (χ²(3)=37.4, p=3.8×10⁻⁷). Calcium inadequacy was more common in urban groups—especially students and women—whereas very high intakes were observed among rural herders.