As the field of oral pathology has evolved, the nomenclature and classification of oral mucosal diseases with a remarkable risk of malignant transformation have undergone several modifications. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the concept of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) as an alternative to the terms for oral precancerous lesions and precancerous conditions. In the consensus report by the WHO Collaborating Center for Oral Cancer of 2021, OPMD is defined as "any oral mucosal abnormality that is associated with a statistically increased risk of developing oral cancer."This definition encompasses a range of conditions, in-cluding oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and other lesions. In light of the complex etiology, unclear pathogenesis, and carcinogenesis of OPMDs, early and precise diagnosis and treatment can contribute to the secondary prevention of oral cancer. For this reason, this review, which aims to provide a basis for the precise clinical diagnosis of OPMDs, was performed. Its aim was achieved by reviewing the historical evolution and research progress of the nomenclature, classification, and histopathological diagnostic criteria of OPMDs.
Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis* ; Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis* ; Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology* ; Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology* ; Mouth Mucosa/pathology* ; World Health Organization

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic and inflammatory oral mucosal disease that commonly affects middle-aged females. Most OLP cases might exhibit such symptom as pain, roughness and other discomfort, and more severe forms may show a high risk of developing oral cancer. Active preventive measure, precise diagnosis and standard therapeutic approach play a vital role in the management and prevention of OLP. This guideline is a revision on the base of trial in 2012, which mainly covers the following 8 aspects: etiology and medical records, clinical manifestations, pathological manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, laboratory examination, disease treatment and prevention, aiming at providing scientific evidence and guidance for the dental clinicians in diagnose and treatment of OLP.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lichen Planus, Oral/therapy* ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms

Report of the fourth national oral health survey showed that the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis stayed at a high level in Chinese population and the periodontitis was the most common cause of tooth loss in Chinese adults. Therefore, the examination of periodontal health status, disease condition and risk assessment are particularly important. The Society of Periodontology of the Chinese Stomatological Association organized experts of related disciplines to formulate the standard of basic periodontal examination and evaluation during oral diagnosis and treatment, aiming to emphasize the necessity and importance of periodontal health and to improve dental clinicians' abilities in understanding, diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal disease. As a national and professional standard, it will play an important and practically significant role in conservation of natural teeth and improvement of people's oral health in China.
Adult ; China ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Gingivitis ; Humans ; Periodontal Diseases/therapy* ; Reference Standards

Background: Oral lichen planus is an idiopathic autoimmune inflammatory condition and oral lichenoid reactions are lesions that resemble oral lichen planus clinically and histopathologically, but develop secondary to various underlying causes. Oral lichenoid reactions have been reported to be caused by contact allergy to dental materials. This study aims to describe the characteristics of patients with a clinical and/or histopathological diagnosis of oral lichen planus who underwent patch testing in Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: This is a 5-year retrospective study of patients who had oral lichen planus and had undergone patch testing at the Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between January 2015 and Cecember 2019. Patch tests were performed with European Baseline Series and relevant extended series, which include dental and metal series as well as patients’ own products. Patch test results were recorded according to the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group recommendation. Results: There were 41 patients with oral lichen planus who underwent patch test. The median age was 56 (range 21 to 73) with 70.7% of patients being female. There were 29 (70.7%) patients who developed at least one positive reaction. The most frequent sensitizing allergens were nickel sulfate (34.1%), gold(I)sodium thiosulphate dihydrate (22.0%), fragrance mix I (19.5%), cobalt chloride (14.6%), Peru balsam (12.2%) and sodium tetrachloropalladate (II) hydrate (12.2%). Current relevance was recorded in 16 patients (39.0%) and of these patients, 12 of them had positive patch test reactions to allergens found in dental materials such as dental fillings, dental implants, orthodontic braces, dentures and dental crowns. Conclusion Contact sensitization was detected in about 70% of our patients with oral lichen planus. The most common sensitizing allergen was nickel sulfate. Current relevance was found mainly towards dental materials.
Lichen Planus, Oral--diagnosis ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)

The application of artificial intelligence in medicine has gradually received attention along with its development. Many studies have shown that machine learning has a wide range of applications in stomatology, especially in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of maxillofacial cysts and tumors. This article reviews the application of machine learning in maxillofacial cyst and tumor to provide a new method for the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
Artificial Intelligence ; Cysts/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Oral Medicine

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions among reports in the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Faculty of Dentistry affiliated with Kocaeli University collected over a four-year period.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, patient records from the archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from 2014 to 2018 were reviewed. Patient demographic information (age and sex) and lesion location were recorded and analyzed.RESULTS: From a total of 475 files reviewed, odontogenic cyst was confirmed in 340 cases (71.6%), and odontogenic tumor was confirmed in 52 cases (10.9%). Regarding odontogenic cyst type, the most common was radicular cyst (216 cases), followed by dentigerous cyst (77 cases) and odontogenic keratocyst (23 cases). Among odontogenic tumors, the most frequent was odontoma (19 cases), followed by ossifying fibroma (18 cases) and ameloblastoma (9 cases). Giant cell granuloma was also reported in 35 cases.CONCLUSION: The distribution pattern of odontogenic cysts and tumors in our retrospective study is relatively similar to that reported in the literature. Complete clinical reports for final diagnosis of these lesions and routine follow-up examinations are very important for treatment.
Ameloblastoma ; Archives ; Biopsy ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis ; Fibroma, Ossifying ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granuloma, Giant Cell ; Humans ; Jaw Neoplasms ; Odontogenic Cysts ; Odontogenic Tumors ; Odontoma ; Prevalence ; Radicular Cyst ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgery, Oral

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dental consultation of pediatric inpatients to the department of pediatric dentistry in Yonsei University Severance Hospital, and to investigate the change in patterns. In 2017, 268 pediatric patients (384 cases) admitted to the Severance Hospital were referred to the department of pediatric dentistry. The mean age was 6.6 years, and most of the patients were referred from the Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Rehabilitation Medicine. The chief complaints were as follows: oral examination (31%), dental caries (20%), oral pain (10%), tooth mobility (10%), pre-operative evaluation (9%) and others (20%). 41% of the patients received only oral examination without treatment. Dental caries were the most frequent dental diagnosis of the patients. 28% (111 cases) of patients received operative treatments, 22 cases were treated under general anesthesia. Oral health is closely related to systemic diseases, especially for hospitalized patients. Dental consultations should be encouraged for prevention and early appropriate treatments. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish a referral system and perform dental treatment under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Dental Caries ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Hematology ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Oral Health ; Pediatric Dentistry ; Referral and Consultation ; Rehabilitation ; Tooth Mobility

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder; affected patients are characterized by inability to feel pain and to sweat over the entire body, as well as by mental retardation. Because, in the oral examination, no specific findings on soft or hard tissue may be found except possible lesions due to self-mutilation, early recognition and diagnosis are essential for these patients. Pediatric dentists must be aware of the clinical manifestations and treatment considerations related to uncontrolled body temperature, tactile hyperesthesia and lack of pain reflex. In this case report, dental management of CIPA was suggested by presenting a 6-year follow-up of young patient.
Body Temperature ; Dentists ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies ; Humans ; Hyperesthesia ; Hypohidrosis ; Intellectual Disability ; Pain Insensitivity, Congenital ; Reflex ; Sweat

Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC), a rare tumor in the head and neck region, displays comparable properties with other tumors clinically and pathologically. In consequence, an incorrect diagnosis may be established. A 51-year-old male patient who was admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Pusan National University Dental Hospital was initially diagnosed with ameloblastoma via incisional biopsy. However, the excised mass of the patient was observed to manifest histopathological characteristics of ameloblastic carcinoma. The lesion was ultimately diagnosed as clear cell odontogenic carcinoma by the Department of Oral Pathology of Pusan National Dental University. Therefore, segmental mandibulectomy and bilateral neck dissection were performed, followed by reconstruction with fibula free flap and reconstruction plate. Concomitant chemotherapy radiotherapy was not necessary. The patient has been followed up, and no recurrence has occurred 6 months after surgery.
Ameloblastoma ; Ameloblasts ; Biopsy ; Busan ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Drug Therapy ; Fibula ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Mandibular Osteotomy ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Neck Dissection ; Pathology, Oral ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Surgery, Oral

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is one of the most severe form of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), which could result in bone and related tissue damage. This autoinflammatory bone disorder (ABD) is very difficult for its clinical diagnosis because of no diagnostic criteria or biomarkers. CRMO in the jaw must be suspected in the differential diagnosis of chronic and recurrent bone pain in the jaw, and a bone biopsy should be considered in chronic and relapsing bone pain with swelling that is unresponsive to treatment. The early diagnosis of CRMO in the jaw will prevent unnecessary and prolonged antibiotic usage or unnecessary surgical intervention. The updated researches for the identification of genetic and molecular alterations in CNO/CRMO should be studied more for its correct pathophysiological causes and proper treatment guidelines. Although our trial consisted of reporting items from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), there are very few articles of randomized controlled trials. This article was summarized based on the author's diverse clinical experiences. This paper reviews the clinical presentation of CNO/CRMO with its own pathogenesis, epidemiology, recent research studies, and general medications. Treatment and monitoring of the jaw are essential for the clear diagnosis and management of CNO/CRMO patients in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.
Biomarkers ; Biopsy ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Jaw ; Osteomyelitis ; Surgery, Oral