OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of the protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on kidney in diabetic rats.

METHODSDiabetic rat model was obtained by intravenous injection of alloxan, and the rats were divided into model, PNS-100 mg/(kg day) and PNS-200 mg/(kg day) groups, 10 each. Another 10 rats injected with saline were served as control. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and immunological histological chemistry were used to observe histomorphology and tissue expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7). Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) was silenced in rat mesangial cells by RNA interference. The mRNA expressions of SIRT-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of SIRT1 and the acetylation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) P65 were determined by western blotting. The concentration of MCP-1, TGF-β1 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in culture supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected by the classical method of nitrogen and blue four.

RESULTSIn diabetic model rats, PNS could not only reduce blood glucose and lipid (P<0.01), but also increase protein level of BMP-7 and inhibit PAI-1 expression for suppressing fibrosis of the kidney. In rat mesangial cells, PNS could up-regulate the expression of SIRT1 (P<0.01) and in turn suppress the transcription of TGF-β1 (P<0.05) and MCP-1 (P<0.05). PNS could also reverse the increased acetylation of NF-κB p65 by high glucose. In addition, redox regulation factor MDA was down-regulated (P<0.05) and SOD was up-regulated (P<0.01), which were both induced by SIRT1 up-regulation.

CONCLUSIONSPNS could protect kidney from diabetes with the possible mechanism of up-regulating SIRT1, therefore inhibiting inflammation through decreasing the induction of inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1, as well as activating antioxidant proteins.

Acetylation ; drug effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL2 ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; drug therapy ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Kidney Function Tests ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mesangial Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Sirtuin 1 ; genetics ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; drug effects ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Dan-gua Fang on adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) α expression in liver and subsequent improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism.

METHODSForty 13-week-old diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were randomly divided into model, Dan-gua Fang, metformin and simvastatin groups (n=10 for each), and fed high-fat diet ad libitum. Ten Wistar rats were used as normal group and fed normal diet. After 24 weeks, liver expression of AMPKα mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR. AMPKα and phospho-AMPKα protein expression in liver was evaluated by Western blot. Liver histomorphology was carried out after hematoxylin-eosin staining, and blood glucose (BG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), food intake and body weight recorded.

RESULTSSimilar AMPKα mRNA levels were found in the Dan-gua Fang group and normal group, slightly higher than the values obtained for the remaining groups (P<0.05). AMPKα protein expression in the Dan-gua Fang group animals was similar to other diabetic rats, whereas phospho-AMPKα (Thr-172) protein levels were markedly higher than in the metformin group and simvastatin group (P<0.05), respectively. However, phosphor-AMPKα/AMPKα ratios were similar in all groups. Dan-gua Fang reduced fasting blood glucose with similar strength to metformin, and was superior in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as improving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with simvastatin and metformin. Dan-gua Fang decreases plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly.

CONCLUSIONDan-gua Fang, while treating phlegm-stasis, could decrease BG and lipid in type 2 diabetic GK rats fed with high-fat diet, and effectively protect liver histomorphology and function. This may be partly explained by increased AMPK expression in liver. Therefore, Dan-gua Fang might be an ideal drug for comprehensive intervention for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Feeding Behavior ; Glycolipids ; metabolism ; Liver ; enzymology ; pathology ; Male ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors

We aimed to elucidate the effect of bilirubin on dyslipidemia and nephropathy in a diabetes mellitus (DM) type I animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into control, DM, and bilirubin-treated DM (Bil) groups. The Bil group was injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg bilirubin 3 times per week and hepatoma cells were cultured with bilirubin at a concentration of 0.3 mg/dL. The Bil group showed lower serum creatinine levels 5 weeks after diabetes onset. Bilirubin treatment also decreased the amount of mesangial matrix, lowered the expression of renal collagen IV and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and reduced the level of apoptosis in the kidney, compared to the DM group. These changes were accompanied by decreased tissue levels of hydrogen superoxide and NADPH oxidase subunit proteins. Bilirubin decreased serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), free fatty acids, and triglycerides (TGs), as well as the TG content in the liver tissues. Bilirubin suppressed protein expression of LXRalpha, SREBP-1, SCD-1, and FAS, factors involved in TG synthesis that were elevated in the livers of DM rats and hepatoma cells under high-glucose conditions. In conclusion, bilirubin attenuates renal dysfunction and dyslipidemia in diabetes by suppressing LXRalpha and SREBP-1 expression and oxidative stress.
Animals ; Bilirubin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Creatine/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced/complications/*pathology ; Diabetic Nephropathies/*drug therapy/etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Kidney/pathology ; Lipoproteins, HDL/blood ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NADPH Oxidase/metabolism ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Streptozocin/toxicity ; Triglycerides/analysis/*biosynthesis/blood

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of catalpol on vascular endothelial function in STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. 40 high-fat diet with STZ-induced diabetes rats were randomly divided into model group, catalpol low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose group (10, 50, 100 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), 10 normal Wistar rats were used as the normal group. The normal and model groups were given an equivalent amount of saline. All reagents were administered by oral gavage for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, blood glucose and lipids were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The endothelium-dependent vasodilation response of thoracic aortar was detected. The pathological changes of the thoracic aorta were observed by HE staining. Ser- um nitric oxide (NO), 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of thoracic aorta was detected by fluorescence method. The expression of Nox4 and p22phox mRNA and protein in aortic tissue were detected by RT-PCR and Western-blot respectively. After catalpol treatment, endothelial damage of thoracic aorta was attenuated significantly; ROS level of thoracic aorta and serum level of 8-iso-PGF2α were decreased significantly; serum NO and SOD levels were remarkably elevated; expression of Nox4, p22phox mRNA and protein in thoracic aorta were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Therefore, catalpol has protective effect on endothelial of T2DM, its mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of Nox4 and p22phox expression, inhibiting oxidative stress reaction response.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; pathology ; Dinoprost ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Iridoid Glucosides ; pharmacology ; Male ; NADPH Oxidase 4 ; NADPH Oxidases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) on wound healing and microRNA expression in diabetic rats.

METHODSEighteen male SD rats of clean grade were used to reproduce diabetes model. Four weeks later, a total of 64 full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back of 16 rats with established diabetes, with 4 wounds on each rat. Two symmetrical wounds on either side of the spine were created as a pair according to paired design. Then the wounds were divided into groups A and B according to the random number table and blind method (red and blue tags on the rhGM-CSF or the gel vehicle), with 32 wounds in each group. The ointment with red tag was applied on the wounds of group A and the blue one on group B. The application was conducted once a day, with a thickness of 3 mm, up to post injury day (PID) 14. Gross observation of wound healing was conducted on PID 3, 7, 14. The wound healing rate was determined on PID 3 and 7. On PID 3, 7, 14, tissues from 2, 4, and 8 wounds were harvested from each group respectively for the observation of the histopathological changes with HE staining, and also for analyzing the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CD31 with immunohistochemical staining (denoted as absorbance value). On PID 7, tissues from 6 wounds in each group were harvested for microarray gene chip to screen the differentially expressed microRNAs. Enrichment analysis of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway on the differentially expressed microRNAs were performed after the microRNA screening results were validated by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. Data were processed with paired t test or two-sample t test.

RESULTS(1) On PID 3, the wound area was significantly decreased, and the wound granulation was significantly proliferated in both groups. On PID 7, the wound area was further decreased, and the wound area was almost filled by granulation in both groups; the conditions in group A were better. On PID 14, all the wounds in group A were almost healed, while a small area of raw wound with incrustation still remained in some wounds of group B. On PID 3 and 7, the wound healing rates of group A were (41 ± 5)% and (75 ± 4)%, significantly higher than those of group B [(31 ± 9)% and (71 ± 4)%, with t values respectively 10.13 and 8.06, P values below 0.001]. (2) On PID 3, the epidermal cells, endothelial cells, and Fbs in the wounds of 2 groups were sparse, with heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells. The above condition in the wounds was better in group A than in group B. On PID 7, the epidermal cells, endothelial cells, and Fbs were gradually well arranged in group A; infiltration of inflammatory cells decreased, and the condition was better than that of group B. On PID 14, the wounds of group A were completely covered by epidermis, while infiltration of inflammatory cells still remained in some wounds of group B. (3) On PID 3, 7, 14, the positive expressions of CD31 and PCNA in group A were respectively 0.275 ± 0.018, 0.345 ± 0.034, 0.305 ± 0.023; 0.406 ± 0.063, 0.223 ± 0.011, 0.045 ± 0.022. They were significantly higher than those of group B (0.222 ± 0.020, 0.229 ± 0.018, 0.197 ± 0.015; 0.324 ± 0.039, 0.162 ± 0.012, 0.018 ± 0.020, with t values from 2.281 to 9.652, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (4) According to the microRNAs detection and screening, as compared with group B, 18 microRNAs were up-regulated while 13 were down-regulated in the wounds of group A. (5) The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR had good consistency with the results of microRNAs detection. (6) Enrichment analysis of KEGG signaling pathway showed that among the 31 differentially expressed microRNAs, 4 took part in the MAPK signaling pathway, 3 took part in the Wnt signaling pathway, 1 took part in the TGF-β signaling pathway, 3 took part in the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, 2 took part in the cell cycle pathway, 5 took part in the axon guidance signaling pathway, 6 took part in the focal adhesion pathway, 3 took part in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway, 1 took part in the extracellular cell matrix receptor pathway, 3 took part in the adherens junction pathway, and 1 took part in the cell adhesion molecules pathway. After disclosing the blind, it showed that the ointment with red tag was the rhGM-CSF gel and the blue one was gel vehicle.

CONCLUSIONSThe rhGM-CSF gel can promote wound healing in diabetic rats, producing significant differential microRNA expression in wounds, and they may be the target at gene post-transcriptional level of rhGM-CSF gel in promoting wound healing.

Animals ; Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Burns ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Wound Healing ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) and natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) receptor in diabetic rats renal cortex, and the regulation by Tongluo Recipe (TLR).

METHODSSixty male SD rats were divided into 3 groups: the normal control group, diabetic model group and diabetic TLR group. Each group was further divided into two subgroups of ten in each, according to 4-week or 12-week observation period. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated with TLR (1.0 g·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. (1) The essential information was collected for comparing renal mass, serum creatinine and 24 h urine albumen on each group was calculated. (2) CNP mRNA and NPR-B mRNA were detected by realtime-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on rats renal cortex. (3) Concentration of CNP on renal cortex or serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (4) Pathological evaluation and NPR-B immunostaining for renal tissue were also performed.

RESULTS(1) CNP and NPR-B mRNA levels were detected in each treated or untreated group, with slight elevated in untreated diabetes rats administrated with STZ after 4-week and CNP mRNA level remarkable elevated at 39.21 times higher than normal control group after 12 weeks, but NPR-B mRNA level showed a remarkably down-regulation at 98.07% after 12 weeks. CNP mRNA of TLR-treated group was also elevated after 12-week treatment, but less than untreated group. (2) Concentrations of CNP in renal cortex were obviously increased in treated or untreated diabetes rats, within these groups the treatment of TLR was found more significantly on prompting CNP concentration. Comparing to normal group, serum concentrations of CNP were also increased in treated or untreated diabetic groups, but there was no difference between these diabetic groups. (3) Renal lesions like glomerular volume increased are observed mostly in the relative early stage after 4 weeks. Although TLR treated group had no significant difference in their glomerular volume, the degrees of injury of glomerulus were ameliorated, as well as the NPR-B immunostaining enhanced in glomerulus. Weakly positive immunostaining of NPR-B are observed in glomerulus of normal control, and negative in glomerulus of untreated diabetes rats administrated with STZ after 12 weeks, whereas TLR-treatment groups showed a little enhancement.

CONCLUSIONCNP and NPR-B showed different characteristic on renal cortex at different pathological period in diabetes rats, and TLR regulated their expression.

Animals ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; drug therapy ; genetics ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Hematuria ; complications ; genetics ; pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Cortex ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type ; genetics ; metabolism ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Staining and Labeling ; Streptozocin

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of the Chinese medicine Jinmaitong Capsule (, JMT) on the pathomorphology of sciatic nerves, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and the mRNA expressions of CNTF in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM).

METHODSThe animal model was established by one time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were simply divided by random into 5 groups including model group, low-dose JMT group (JL), medium-dose JMT group (JM), high-dose JMT group (JH) and neurotropin group. For each of the above 5 groups, a group of 10 normal Wistar rats matched in body weight, age and gender were set as normal group. Intragastric administrations were started after the animal model established. The JL group were administered with five times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult; the JM group were administered with ten times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult; the JH group were administered with twenty times the JMT dose recommended for a human adult. The neurotropin group was administered with ten times the neurotropin dose recommended for a human adult. All rats were given intragastric administration for 16 weeks and then killed. In the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th week, body weight and blood glucose level were detected before and after the intervention. The morphologic changes of the sciatic nerves were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. The CNTFmRNA expressions were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain protein, and the CNTF protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSThe blood glucose levels of the STZ-DM rats were much higher than normal group (P<0.01), and there was no apparent difference between any treatment groups and the model group (P>0.05). Before and after the intervention in the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th week, there were no significant differences in the body weight among all the groups (P>0.05). The sciatic nerves of STZ-DM rats might have pathomorphological changes in axons, myelin sheaths, and interstitium. The levels of CNTF and CNTF-mRNA expressions in the STZ-DM rats were both significantly decreased (P<0.01). The sciatic nerves of STZ-DM rats might have pathomorphological changes in axons, myelin sheaths, and interstitium.

CONCLUSIONJMT could improve the pathomorphology of sciatic nerves by increasing CNTF's and CNTF-mRNA expressions in sciatic nerve tissues, and promote the repair and regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sciatic Nerve ; drug effects ; pathology ; ultrastructure

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-angiopoietin-1 (COMP-Ang1) is an angiogenic factor for vascular angiogenesis. The aim was to investigate the effect of an intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1 on cavernosal angiogenesis in a diabetic rat model. Male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats made up the experimental group (1 yr old) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats made up the control group. The experimental group was divided into vehicle only, 10 microg COMP-Ang1, and 20 microg COMP-Ang1. COMP-Ang1 was injected into the corpus cavernosum of the penis. After 4 weeks, the penile tissues of the rats were obtained for immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The immunoreactivity of PECAM-1 and VEGF was increased in the COMP-Ang1 group compared with the vehicle only group. Moreover, the expression of PECAM-1 and VEGF was notably augmented in the 20 microg Comp Ang-1 group. In the immunoblotting study, the expression of PECAM-1 and VEGF protein was significantly less in the OLEFT rats than in the control LETO rats. However, this expression was restored to control level after intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1. These results show that an intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1 enhances cavernous angiogenesis by structurally reinforcing the cavernosal endothelium.
Angiopoietin-1/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Antigens, CD31/metabolism ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Blotting, Western ; Body Weight ; Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/*drug effects ; Penis/metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/*pharmacology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism

This study is to observe the effects of sequoyitol on the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits p22 phox and p47 phox in rats with type 2 diabetic liver diseases. The model of high fat and high sugar diet as well as intraperitoneal injection of small dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg x kg(-1)) induced diabetic rat liver disease was used. After sequoyitol (50, 25 and 12.5 mg x kg(-1)) was administrated for 6 weeks, the contents of blood glucose (BG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), NO and insulin (Ins) were measured, liver p22 phox and p47 phox mRNA content was determined with real-time PCR and the expression of p22 phox and p47 phox protein was examined by Western blotting. In addition, pathological changes in liver were observed with HE staining. Sequoyitol could reduce the content of fasting blood glucose, ALT, AST, Ins and H2O2, restore insulin sensitive index (ISI) and weight, elevate liver tissue T-AOC and NO content, reduce the NADPH oxidase subunit liver tissue p22 phox and p47 phox mRNA and protein expression, as well as ameliorate liver pathologic lesions. The results showed that sequoyitol can ease the type 2 diabetic rat liver oxidative stress by lowering NADPH oxidase expression.
Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Inositol ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; blood ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Liver Diseases ; metabolism ; Male ; NADPH Oxidases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Streptozocin

To investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of pomegranate flowers polyphenols (PFP) on liver function of rats with diabetes combining non-alcoholic fat liver diseases, diabetes combining nonalcoholic fat liver disease model rats were established with high calorie feeding and small dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Model rats were randomly divided into: model group, metformin group, pomegranate flowers polyphenols low, medium and high dose group (75, 150 and 300 mg x kg(-1)). After four weeks treatment, the levels of FPG, blood fat profiles and serum insulin, ALT, AST levels, SOD and MDA in the liver and serum separately were analyzed with biochemical methods. Paraoxonase (PON1 and PON3) mRNA and protein expression in liver were checked by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method. Pathological changes of the liver were observed. FPG, IRI, non-HDL-C and transaminase significantly reduced and HDL-C raised in the each PFP dose group; Furthermore, compared with model group, fat drops in liver cells significantly reduced, antioxidant ability enhanced, PON1 mRNA and protein expression level in liver increased significantly. The protective effects of PFP against diabetes combining non-alcoholic fat liver diseases rats might through the increase liver PON1 mRNA and protein expression further enhanced the body antioxidant capacity and reduced IRI so as to ameliorate the rat hepatic steatosis.
Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Animals ; Aryldialkylphosphatase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Insulin ; blood ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Punicaceae ; chemistry ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; metabolism