Objective:This article explores the diagnosis and treatment of a special type of laryngeal foreign body with granuloma in children, providing a clinical reference for standardized diagnosis and treatment. Methods:This article retrospectively analyzes one case admitted to our department and five other cases reported in relevant literature involving a special type of laryngeal foreign body with granuloma in children. It summarizes the clinical characteristics of this disease and explores its diagnosis and treatment. Results:①A total of 6 cases were misdiagnosed and had a long course of illness. Five cases had no clear history of foreign body at the first visit. One case had foreign body history but no foreign body was found. ②The clinical symptoms were diverse, which could be hoarseness, cough, wheezing, dyspnea, or no symptoms. ③A total of 3 cases were diagnosed by laryngoscopy, and 3 cases were diagnosed by laryngoscopy and imaging examination. ④Foreign bodies that were not wrapped in granulomas, were removed first and then the granulomas were treated; foreign bodies wrapped in granulomas were removed after the removal of granulomas. Conclusion:A special type of laryngeal foreign body with granuloma may lack of accurate foreign body history, resulting in long-term retention of foreign bodies, leading to granuloma formation and misdiagnosis. Electronic laryngoscopy combined with CT examination contribute to early diagnosis. Low temperature plasma under endoscope and anesthetic laryngoscope is conducive to the exposure and precise removal of foreign bodies and avoids tracheotomy to a certain extent.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Foreign Bodies/surgery* ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body/therapy* ; Larynx/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies

Colorectal cancer （CRC） is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract with high morbidity and mortality. Although existing treatments can prolong the survival of patients， problems such as low quality of life， obvious side effects， and unsatisfactory clinical efficacy still exist， which cannot fully satisfy the overall needs of patients. For this reason， it is crucial to explore the mechanism underlying the development of CRC and to identify new treatment strategies. In recent years， with the deepening of research， ferroptosis has been gradually proven to effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells， overcome tumor drug resistance， enhance anti-tumor efficacy， and prevent tumor progression and recurrence. Therefore， regulating ferroptosis is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of CRC. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in CRC treatment due to its advantages of multiple components， multiple targets， low drug resistance， and few side effects， and has gradually become a current research hotspot. Extensive studies have shown that TCM active ingredients and compound formulae can regulate ferroptosis-related pathways， such as iron metabolism， lipid metabolism， the cystine/glutamate antiporter system X_c^- （System X_c^-）/glutathione （GSH）/glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 （FSP1）/coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀）/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ［NAD（P）H］， tumor protein 53 （p53）， nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and non-coding RNA pathways to inhibit the growth and proliferation of CRC， thereby exerting anti-tumor effects. This review systematically summarized the mechanisms of ferroptosis related to CRC， therapeutic targets and prognosis-related markers associated with ferroptosis in CRC， and research progress on TCM targeting and regulating ferroptosis for CRC intervention， aiming to provide new perspectives and a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of CRC with TCM.

Colorectal cancer （CRC） is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract with high morbidity and mortality. Although existing treatments can prolong the survival of patients， problems such as low quality of life， obvious side effects， and unsatisfactory clinical efficacy still exist， which cannot fully satisfy the overall needs of patients. For this reason， it is crucial to explore the mechanism underlying the development of CRC and to identify new treatment strategies. In recent years， with the deepening of research， ferroptosis has been gradually proven to effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells， overcome tumor drug resistance， enhance anti-tumor efficacy， and prevent tumor progression and recurrence. Therefore， regulating ferroptosis is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of CRC. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in CRC treatment due to its advantages of multiple components， multiple targets， low drug resistance， and few side effects， and has gradually become a current research hotspot. Extensive studies have shown that TCM active ingredients and compound formulae can regulate ferroptosis-related pathways， such as iron metabolism， lipid metabolism， the cystine/glutamate antiporter system X_c^- （System X_c^-）/glutathione （GSH）/glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 （FSP1）/coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀）/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ［NAD（P）H］， tumor protein 53 （p53）， nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and non-coding RNA pathways to inhibit the growth and proliferation of CRC， thereby exerting anti-tumor effects. This review systematically summarized the mechanisms of ferroptosis related to CRC， therapeutic targets and prognosis-related markers associated with ferroptosis in CRC， and research progress on TCM targeting and regulating ferroptosis for CRC intervention， aiming to provide new perspectives and a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of CRC with TCM.

Objective: To analyze the results of colorectal cancer screening among residents in Baoshan District, Shanghai Municipality from 2013 to 2021, so as to provide the basis for promoting colorectal cancer screening and prevention. Methods: Permanent residents aged 50 to 74 years in Baoshan District from 2013 to 2021 were selected as the screening population. The initial screening was conducted using a risk assessment form and fecal occult blood test. Positive results on either the risk assessment form or fecal occult blood test were considered positive for the initial screening. Participants with positive initial screening results were invited to undergo colonoscopy. The positive rate of the initial screening, colonoscopy compliance rate, and colonoscopy results were analyzed. Results: A total of 264 907 individuals underwent the initial colorectal cancer screening in Baoshan District from 2013 to 2021, with 65 333 individuals (24.66%) testing positive. Among them, the positive rate of the risk assessment form was 12.16%, and the positive rate of fecal occult blood test was 14.64%. A total of 14 473 individuals completed colonoscopy, with a compliance rate of 22.15%. A total of 1 284 precancerous lesions were detected, with a detection rate of 8.87%, and 386 cases of colorectal cancer were identified, with a detection rate of 2.67%. The positive rate of the initial screening, colonoscopy compliance rate, precancerous lesion detection rate, and colorectal cancer detection rate were higher in males than in females (25.55% vs. 24.06%, 23.12% vs. 21.45%, 11.60% vs. 6.74%, 3.62% vs. 1.93%, all P<0.05). With increasing age, the positive rate of the initial screening increased, the colonoscopy compliance rate decreased, the precancerous lesion detection rate and colorectal cancer detection rate increased (all P<0.05). From 2013 to 2021, the positive rate of the initial screening among residents showed a downward trend, while the colonoscopy compliance rate showed an upward trend (both P<0.05). Conclusions The detection rate of precancerous lesions in colorectal cancer was 8.87%, and the detection rate of colorectal cancer was 2.67% in Baoshan District from 2013 to 2021. Male and older individuals were the key populations for screening, and the colonoscopy compliance among residents needs to be improved.

Objective To investigate the influence of rutin on neuroinflammation in rats with hydraulic shock brain injury by regulating thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway.Methods Rats were randomly separated into model group and sham operation group;the rats in the model group were established by hydraulic impact method.After modeling,they were randomly separated into rutin low(rutin-L,25 mg·kg-1 rutin)and medium(rutin-M,50 mg·kg-1 rutin).D),high(rutin-H,100 mg·kg-1 rutin)dose groups,model group and positive control group(dexamethasone group,0.1 mg·kg-1 dexamethasone),18 animals/group.Each group was intervened with drugs and normal saline once a day,and after continuous intervention for 3 days,the neurological deficit(neurological severity score,NSS)of the rats was scored;the rats were sacrificed by decapitation,the cerebral edema was determined,the brain tissue around the contusion was separated,and the histological changes,inflammatory cytokine indicators-tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)levels and TXNIP,NLRP3 protein expression levels were measured.Results The rats in the sham operation group had no injury.The integrity of brain tissue in model group was damaged,cell wrinkly nuclei were deeply stained,interstitial edema was accompanied by holes and the TNF-α and IL-1β levels,NSS score,cerebral edema,TXNIP and NLRP3 protein expression levels were all increased compared with those in the sham operation group(P<0.05);after rutin intervention,the pathological injury of rat brain tissue was relieved,and the TNF-α and IL-1β levels,NSS score,cerebral edema,TXNIP,and NLRP3 protein expression levels were all lower than those in the model group(P<0.05),there was no significant difference between the rutin-H group and the dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Conclusion Rutin can inhibit the inflammatory response of hydraulic shock brain injury rats,improve brain tissue injury and edema,which may be related to the inhibition of TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the influence of rutin on neuroinflammation in rats with hydraulic shock brain injury by regulating thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)/NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway.Methods Rats were randomly separated into model group and sham operation group;the rats in the model group were established by hydraulic impact method.After modeling,they were randomly separated into rutin low(rutin-L,25 mg·kg-1 rutin)and medium(rutin-M,50 mg·kg-1 rutin).D),high(rutin-H,100 mg·kg-1 rutin)dose groups,model group and positive control group(dexamethasone group,0.1 mg·kg-1 dexamethasone),18 animals/group.Each group was intervened with drugs and normal saline once a day,and after continuous intervention for 3 days,the neurological deficit(neurological severity score,NSS)of the rats was scored;the rats were sacrificed by decapitation,the cerebral edema was determined,the brain tissue around the contusion was separated,and the histological changes,inflammatory cytokine indicators-tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)levels and TXNIP,NLRP3 protein expression levels were measured.Results The rats in the sham operation group had no injury.The integrity of brain tissue in model group was damaged,cell wrinkly nuclei were deeply stained,interstitial edema was accompanied by holes and the TNF-α and IL-1β levels,NSS score,cerebral edema,TXNIP and NLRP3 protein expression levels were all increased compared with those in the sham operation group(P<0.05);after rutin intervention,the pathological injury of rat brain tissue was relieved,and the TNF-α and IL-1β levels,NSS score,cerebral edema,TXNIP,and NLRP3 protein expression levels were all lower than those in the model group(P<0.05),there was no significant difference between the rutin-H group and the dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Conclusion Rutin can inhibit the inflammatory response of hydraulic shock brain injury rats,improve brain tissue injury and edema,which may be related to the inhibition of TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors for lung metastasis of hepato-cellular carcinoma after liver transplantation and application value of its nomogram prediction model.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 339 hepatocellular carcinoma patients with lung metastasis after liver transplantation who were admitted to Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2015 to June 2019 were collected. There were 299 males and 40 females, aged from 23 to 73 years, with a median age of 54 years. According to the random numbers showed in the computer, all 339 patients were divided into training dataset consisting of 226 and validation dataset consisting of 113, with a ratio of 2:1. All patients underwent classic orthotopic liver transplantation. Observation indicators: (1) analysis of clinicopathological data of patients in the training dataset and validation dataset; (2) follow-up; (3) analysis of influencing factors for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplanta-tion; (4) construction and evaluation of nomogram prediction model for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect lung metastasis of patients up to November 2020. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the paired t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( P25, P75) or M(range), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute number or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate lung metastasis rate and draw lung metastasis curve. The Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. The COX proportional hazard model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, the nomogram prediction model was constructed. The prediction accuracy of the nomogram model was evaluated using C-index and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The calibration curve was used to evaluate the prediction error of the model. Results:(1) Analysis of clinicopathological data of patients in the training dataset and validation dataset: there was no significant difference in general data between patients in the training dataset and validation dataset ( P>0.05). (2) Follow-up: 226 patients in training dataset and 113 patients in validation dataset were followed up. The follow-up time of training dataset was 5.2 to 69.0 months, with a median follow-up time of 29.3 months, and the follow-up time of validation dataset was 4.3 to 69.0 months, with a median follow-up time of 30.4 months. Up to the last follow-up, 48 cases of the training dataset and 22 cases of the validation dataset had lung metastasis, with the incidence and median time of lung metastasis were 21.24%(48/226), 19.47%(22/113) and 8.5 months, 7.8 months, respectively. There was no significant difference in lung metastasis between patients in the training dataset and validation dataset ( χ2=0.144, P>0.05). (3) Analysis of influencing factors for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: results of univariate analysis showed that age, alpha fetoprotein, tumor diameter, tumor differentiation degree, vascular invasion, systemic immune inflammation index and postoperative treatment were related factors for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation ( hazard ratio=0.465, 3.413, 1.140, 3.791, 2.524, 2.053, 1.833, 95% confidence interval as 0.263?0.822, 1.740?6.695, 1.091?1.191, 1.763?8.154, 1.903?3.349, 1.047?4.027, 1.038?3.238, P<0.05) . Results of multivariate analysis showed that age, tumor diameter and vascular invasion were independent influencing factors for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation ( hazard ratio=0.462, 1.076, 2.170, 95% confidence interval as 0.253?0.843, 1.013?1.143, 1.545?3.048, P<0.05). (4) Construction and evaluation of nomogram prediction model for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: the C-index was 0.810 (95% confidence interval as 0.758?0.863) and 0.802 (95% confidence interval as 0.723?0.881) of the nomogram prediction model for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplanta-tion in the training dataset and validation dataset, respectively, showing good discrimination ability. The area under ROC of 0.5-, 1- and 2-year nomogram prediction model in the training dataset and the validation dataset were 0.815(95% confidence interval as 0.725?0.905), 0.863(95% confidence interval as 0.809?0.917), 0.835(95% confidence interval as 0.771?0.900)and 0.873(95% confidence interval as 0.801?0.945), 0.858(95% confidence interval as 0.760?0.956), 0.841(95% confidence interval as 0.737?0.945), respectively, which illustrated that the model had good predictive ability. The formula of nomogram prediction model=33.300 06+(?33.300 06)×age(≤50 years=0, >50 years=1)+2.857 14×tumor diameter (cm)+31.585 71×vascular invasion (M0 stage of microvascular invasion staging=0, M1 stage of microvascular invasion staging=1, M2 stage of microvascular invasion staging=2, visible tumor thrombus=3). The optimal threshold of nomogram risk score was 77.5. Patients with risk score ≥77.5 were assigned into high risk group, and patients with risk score <77.5 were assigned into low risk group. The 0.5-,1- and 2-year lung metastasis rate of patients in the high risk group and low risk group of the training dataset were 16.7%, 39.2%, 46.4% and 1.4%, 4.1%, 6.9%, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=54.86, P<0.05). The 0.5-,1- and 2-year lung metastasis rate of patients in the high risk group and low risk group of the validation dataset were 17.6%, 29.0%, 39.5% and 0, 3.1%, 4.8%, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=25.29, P<0.05). Conclusions:Age, tumor diameter and vascular invasion are independent influencing factors for lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. The nomogram prediction model based on age, tumor diameter and vascular invasion can predict risk of lung metastasis for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after liver transplantation accurately.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the Thyroid Imaging Report and Data System proposed by American Radiological Society (ACR-TIRADS) for differential diagnosis in thyroid nodules, and compare ACR-TIRADS to the TIRADS proposed by Kwak et al.(K-TIRADS) and the ultrasound-based risk stratification system evaluated by American Thyroid Association (ATA-Risk Stratification). Methods: The clinical data of 1 760 patients with 1 912 thyroid nodules from 8 hospitals in Jiangsu province were retrospectively analysed. All of them were categorized based on ultrasound-based risk stratification systems. The ROC curve was established to assess and compare the diagnostic value of the systems. Results: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of ACR-TIRADS was 0.830, with high sensitivity and negative predictive value (86.9% and 87.5%, respectively), and relatively low specificity and positive predictive value (64.1% and 62.9%, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of K-TIRADS were up to 84.9% and 76.1%, respectively. The AUC of ATA-Risk Stratification was 0.852, with relatively high specificity (83.4%), and low sensitivity (79.4%). There were significant differences in the AUC among the three ultrasound-based risk stratification systems, of which K-TIRADS was the highest (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in sensitivity of ACR-TIRADS and K-TIRADS (P=0.137), but significantly higher than that of ATA-Risk Stratification (P<0.001). There were significant differences in the specificity among the three systems, of which ATA-Risk Stratification was the highest (P<0.001). In addition, there were 109 nodules (5.7%) couldn′t be classified based on ATA-Risk Stratification, with high malignancy rate of 31.2%. Conclusions The diagnostic efficiency of ACR-TIRADS is good, but lower than K-TIRADS and ATA-Risk Stratification. ACR-TIRADS has the highest sensitivity, and ATA-Risk Stratification has the highest specificity, while the overall diagnostic efficiency of K-TIRADS is the best.

To compare the diagnostic value between the thyroid imaging reporting and data system ( TIRADS) and ultrasound ( US ) patterns of 2015 American Thyroid Association ( ATA ) guidelines in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. 639 patients in Jiangsu province who were scheduled for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy or thyroidectomy were recruited for the retrospective study. All of them were categorized based on TIRADS and ultrasound patterns of ATA ( 2015 ) guidelines. The receiver operating characteristic curve was established to assess and compare the diagnostic value of the two models. Results:( 1 ) 639 patients with 847 thyroid nodules were included in this study, 510 females and 129 males. The mean age was (46. 77 ±12.98)yearsold. (2)818nodulescouldbeclassifiedaccordingtoTIRADS. ThemalignancyratesofTIRADS2,3, 4A, 4B, 5 were 0, 15. 9%, 49. 1%, 78. 8% ,and 100%, respectively. (3) Ultrasound patterns of ATA could be assigned to 793 nodules. The malignancy rates of nodules with very low, low, intermediate, high suspicion for malignancy were 6. 2%, 10. 3%, 24. 9% and 70. 1%, respectively. (4) Ultrasound patterns of ATA had higher specificity (77. 9%) compared to TIRADS. The sensitivity and area under curve of ultrasound patterns of ATA were lower than those of TIRADS, though, not significant. Ultrasound patterns of ATA(2015) guidelines may yield higher specificity in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules, while TIRADS classification may offer a relatively higher sensitivity and area under curve.

Objective To explore the percentage changes of peripheral T , B cell subsets and NK cells in chronic HBV infectors under different immune states and hepatitis B cirrhosis . Methods Seventy-five chronic HBV infectors, including 20 cases with immune clearance, 20 cases with immunodeficiency (inactive) and 35 cases with cirrhosis, and 20 healthy control were enrolled. The percentages of peripheral T and B lymphocyte subsets and NK cells were detected by Flow Cytometry. The differences of the groups were analyzed. Results Comparing with the control group, CD4+T cells were decreased in the other four groups (P<0.05). The sequence of CD4+T cells, from high to low, was the control group, the immunodeficiency group, the immune clearance group, the compensated cirrhosis group and the de-compensated cirrhosis group. CD4+/CD8+T cell and NK cell were lower , but CD8+T cell and B cell were higher in immune clearance group than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Patients in immunodeficiency group had lower ratio of CD4+/CD8+T cell and higher CD8+T cell than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In all the groups, patients with de-compensated cirrhosis showed highest ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells and B cells, but lowest CD3+T, CD8+ T and NK cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions Results suggests immune dysfunction exists in patients with chronic HBV infection. It has potential clinical value in understanding patients′ immune states and progression of disease by detecting peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and NK cells.