Objective:To investigate the myopia progression in Chinese young medical college students and explore the associated risk factors.Methods:A cohort study was conducted.Among 1 068 freshmen aged 16 to 22 years receiving health checkups at a medical university in Tianjin, 979 myopes were ultimately included in the baseline assessment and 812 participated in the follow-up assessment after two years.The anterior segment examination with a slit lamp, non-cycloplegic autorefraction with an autorefractor and axial length (AL) measurements with Lenstar 900 were performed on participants at baseline and during the two-year follow-up.Myopia progression was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) change of ≤-0.50 D/year or an AL increase of ≥0.20 mm/year.Multivariate regression analysis with the generalized estimating equation model was employed to identify risk factors associated with myopia progression.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (No.2021KY-16).Informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:During the two-year follow-up, 92.5%(751/812) of the participants had stable SE and 96.1%(764/795) had stable AL.However, 7.5%(61/812) showed SE progression and 3.9%(31/795) exhibited AL growth, demonstrating a tendency of myopia progression.Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that females ( β=0.064, 95% CI: 0.002~0.126; P=0.042) and low to moderate myopia at baseline ( β=0.083, 95% CI: 0.005~0.161; P=0.037) were significantly associated with AL growth compared to high myopia at baseline. Conclusions:More than 92% of young college students have stable myopia.In addition to high myopia, there is still a need for better follow-up and management of females and those with low to moderate myopia to control the high prevalence of high myopia.

Objective:To compare the changes in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) between children with axial myopia and refractive myopia.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted.A total of 1 738 students from grades 1 to 6 were recruited from two consistent 9-year schools in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin using cluster random sampling.Visual acuity, refractive status, and ocular biological parameters were measured from February to May in 2018 and 2021.Participants were categorized into subgroups as follows: low, moderate, and high myopia based on SE; longer AL group and shorter AL groups based on AL; and steeper cornea and flatter cornea groups based on corneal curvature radius (CCR). Myopic children were further classified into the following groups: axial myopia (longer AL and flatter cornea), refractive myopia (shorter AL and steeper cornea), mixed myopia (longer AL and steeper cornea), and non-axial non-refractive myopia (shorter AL and flatter cornea). Changes in SE (ΔSE) and AL (ΔAL) at the end of the follow-up period were compared among the different classification groups.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (No.2020KY-39). Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians of all participants.Results:The ΔSE in the longer AL group was (-1.57±1.52)D, which was significantly greater than (-1.17±1.47)D in the shorter AL group ( t=3.99, P<0.01). The ΔAL in the steeper cornea group was (0.92±0.50)mm, which was significantly greater than (0.86±0.54)mm in the flatter cornea group ( t=-2.12, P=0.04). Among children aged 10-12 years, males, and the low myopia, SE progression was faster in those with longer AL compared to shorter AL, with statistically significant differences ( t=2.66, 3.31, 3.90; all P<0.05). In children aged 10-12 years, AL growth was faster in the longer AL group than in the shorter AL group, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-1.29, P=0.04). Among females and the low myopia, AL growth was faster in those with steeper corneas than in those with flatter corneas, with statistically significant differences ( t=-3.22, -2.43; both P<0.05). Refractive myopia had a smaller ΔSE than axial myopia and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Within the low myopia, SE progression was greater in axial myopia than in refractive myopia, with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Among myopic children, those with longer axial lengths exhibit faster SE progression, while those with steeper corneas show faster axial elongation.Among children with low myopia, axial myopia is associated with a greater risk of SE progression than refractive myopia.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of early bronchoalveolar lavage using electronic bronchoscopy in pediatric drowning cases.Methods:A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 81 pediatric drowning cases treated in the intensive care unit of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 2017 to September 2023 was conducted.Among these,43 cases underwent bronchoalveolar lavage with electronic bronchoscopy within 24 hours of drowning,constituting the treatment group,while 38 cases either did not receive treatment within 24 hours or underwent the procedure after 24 hours,forming the control group.We compared the two groups regarding pre-admission observations,admission observations,and disease progression or prognosis indicators to assess the clinical efficacy of early bronchoalveolar lavage with electronic bronchoscopy in pediatric drowning cases.Results:Compared to the control group,children in the treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in invasive ventilation time [(73.33±13.33) h vs.(94.82±15.77) h] and a significant decrease in pediatric intensive care unit stay [105.00 (94.00,121.00) h vs.123.5 (109.75,149.00) h],with both differences being statistically significant( P<0.05).No significant differences in white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage were observed between the treatment group and control group at admission and on the first day( P>0.05).However,by the third day,there was a significant improvement in white blood cell count in both groups,with statistical significance( P<0.05).There was a significant decrease in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels between the treatment group and control group on the 1st and 3rd days,with the differences being significant( P<0.05).Six hours after electronic bronchoalveolar lavage,the P/F ratio in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (177.09±41.27 vs. 233.50±48.23),but it increased more significantly at 24 hours (286.00±34.32 vs.256.34±44.22),with a significant difference between two groups.The positive rate of lavage fluid culture in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the number of organ function damage between two groups( P>0.05).However,regarding prognosis,the treatment group showed significantly better outcomes than the control group( P<0.05). Conclusion:For pediatric patients with wilderness drowning,early electronic bronchoscopy with alveolar lavage may shorten the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and pediatric intensive care unit stay,improving prognosis,and is worth promoting.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of doxycycline in children with macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MRMPP）.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data from 92 children with severe MRMPP admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 2020 to November 2023.Depending on antibiotic treatment strategies for mycoplasma pneumoniae，patients were divided into three groups：Doxycycline group（those treated with doxycycline，12 cases）；Azithromycin group（those treated with azithromycin，53 cases）；and Switch group（those switched from azithromycin to doxycycline，27 cases）.Clinical outcomes and adverse reactions were compared among the three groups.Results:Significant statistical differences were found among the three groups in terms of age（ F=49.365， P<0.001）and weight（ H=40.595， P<0.001），with the Doxycycline group presenting the highest average age and median weight，followed by the Switch group，and then the Azithromycin group.After antibiotic treatment，children in the Doxycycline group，when compared to the Switch group and the Azithromycin group，showed a shorter fever resolution time[3.0（2.0，3.8）days vs.5.0（4.0，5.0）days vs.6.0（5.0，7.0）days， H=25.243， P<0.001]，a higher defervescence rate at 48 hours and 72 hours (41.7% vs.0 vs.0 at 48 hours，and 75.0% vs.0% vs.5.7% at 72 hours，both P<0.001]，a shorter mechanical ventilation duration[83.0（70.0，93.0）hours vs.135.0（129.0，172.0）hours vs.152.0（139.0，164.5）hours， H=9.980， P=0.007]，a shorter ICU stay[7.0（6.0，8.0）days vs.10.0（8.0，13.0）days vs.11.0（9.0，13.0）days， H=21.887， P<0.001]，and a lower proportion of Methylprednisolone usage [8.3% vs.57.1% vs.54.7%， P=0.008].There was no significant statistical difference in extrapulmonary complications and co-pathogens（both P>0.05）.Gastrointestinal reactions occurred in all children treated with doxycycline and azithromycin，with rates of 10.3%（4/39）and 13.8%（11/80）,respectively，showing no statistical significance（ P=0.771）.Among the 67（72.8%）cases with available follow-up data，the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans was 8.3%（1/12）in the Doxycycline group，13.6%（3/22）in the Switch group，and 15.2%（5/33）in the Azithromycin group，with no statistical significance（ P>0.05）.Among the 34 cases using doxycycline with follow-up data available，none had tooth discoloration or enamel hypoplasia related to the medication. Conclusion:Doxycycline in the treatment of severe MRMPP in children could rapidly improve clinical symptoms，shorten the course of the disease，reduce the likelihood of methylprednisolone use，and is relatively safe for short-term use.

Objective:To investigate the myopia progression in Chinese young medical college students and explore the associated risk factors.Methods:A cohort study was conducted.Among 1 068 freshmen aged 16 to 22 years receiving health checkups at a medical university in Tianjin, 979 myopes were ultimately included in the baseline assessment and 812 participated in the follow-up assessment after two years.The anterior segment examination with a slit lamp, non-cycloplegic autorefraction with an autorefractor and axial length (AL) measurements with Lenstar 900 were performed on participants at baseline and during the two-year follow-up.Myopia progression was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) change of ≤-0.50 D/year or an AL increase of ≥0.20 mm/year.Multivariate regression analysis with the generalized estimating equation model was employed to identify risk factors associated with myopia progression.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (No.2021KY-16).Informed consent was obtained from each subject.Results:During the two-year follow-up, 92.5%(751/812) of the participants had stable SE and 96.1%(764/795) had stable AL.However, 7.5%(61/812) showed SE progression and 3.9%(31/795) exhibited AL growth, demonstrating a tendency of myopia progression.Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that females ( β=0.064, 95% CI: 0.002~0.126; P=0.042) and low to moderate myopia at baseline ( β=0.083, 95% CI: 0.005~0.161; P=0.037) were significantly associated with AL growth compared to high myopia at baseline. Conclusions:More than 92% of young college students have stable myopia.In addition to high myopia, there is still a need for better follow-up and management of females and those with low to moderate myopia to control the high prevalence of high myopia.

Objective:To compare the changes in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) between children with axial myopia and refractive myopia.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted.A total of 1 738 students from grades 1 to 6 were recruited from two consistent 9-year schools in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin using cluster random sampling.Visual acuity, refractive status, and ocular biological parameters were measured from February to May in 2018 and 2021.Participants were categorized into subgroups as follows: low, moderate, and high myopia based on SE; longer AL group and shorter AL groups based on AL; and steeper cornea and flatter cornea groups based on corneal curvature radius (CCR). Myopic children were further classified into the following groups: axial myopia (longer AL and flatter cornea), refractive myopia (shorter AL and steeper cornea), mixed myopia (longer AL and steeper cornea), and non-axial non-refractive myopia (shorter AL and flatter cornea). Changes in SE (ΔSE) and AL (ΔAL) at the end of the follow-up period were compared among the different classification groups.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (No.2020KY-39). Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians of all participants.Results:The ΔSE in the longer AL group was (-1.57±1.52)D, which was significantly greater than (-1.17±1.47)D in the shorter AL group ( t=3.99, P<0.01). The ΔAL in the steeper cornea group was (0.92±0.50)mm, which was significantly greater than (0.86±0.54)mm in the flatter cornea group ( t=-2.12, P=0.04). Among children aged 10-12 years, males, and the low myopia, SE progression was faster in those with longer AL compared to shorter AL, with statistically significant differences ( t=2.66, 3.31, 3.90; all P<0.05). In children aged 10-12 years, AL growth was faster in the longer AL group than in the shorter AL group, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-1.29, P=0.04). Among females and the low myopia, AL growth was faster in those with steeper corneas than in those with flatter corneas, with statistically significant differences ( t=-3.22, -2.43; both P<0.05). Refractive myopia had a smaller ΔSE than axial myopia and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Within the low myopia, SE progression was greater in axial myopia than in refractive myopia, with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Among myopic children, those with longer axial lengths exhibit faster SE progression, while those with steeper corneas show faster axial elongation.Among children with low myopia, axial myopia is associated with a greater risk of SE progression than refractive myopia.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of doxycycline in children with macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MRMPP）.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data from 92 children with severe MRMPP admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 2020 to November 2023.Depending on antibiotic treatment strategies for mycoplasma pneumoniae，patients were divided into three groups：Doxycycline group（those treated with doxycycline，12 cases）；Azithromycin group（those treated with azithromycin，53 cases）；and Switch group（those switched from azithromycin to doxycycline，27 cases）.Clinical outcomes and adverse reactions were compared among the three groups.Results:Significant statistical differences were found among the three groups in terms of age（ F=49.365， P<0.001）and weight（ H=40.595， P<0.001），with the Doxycycline group presenting the highest average age and median weight，followed by the Switch group，and then the Azithromycin group.After antibiotic treatment，children in the Doxycycline group，when compared to the Switch group and the Azithromycin group，showed a shorter fever resolution time[3.0（2.0，3.8）days vs.5.0（4.0，5.0）days vs.6.0（5.0，7.0）days， H=25.243， P<0.001]，a higher defervescence rate at 48 hours and 72 hours (41.7% vs.0 vs.0 at 48 hours，and 75.0% vs.0% vs.5.7% at 72 hours，both P<0.001]，a shorter mechanical ventilation duration[83.0（70.0，93.0）hours vs.135.0（129.0，172.0）hours vs.152.0（139.0，164.5）hours， H=9.980， P=0.007]，a shorter ICU stay[7.0（6.0，8.0）days vs.10.0（8.0，13.0）days vs.11.0（9.0，13.0）days， H=21.887， P<0.001]，and a lower proportion of Methylprednisolone usage [8.3% vs.57.1% vs.54.7%， P=0.008].There was no significant statistical difference in extrapulmonary complications and co-pathogens（both P>0.05）.Gastrointestinal reactions occurred in all children treated with doxycycline and azithromycin，with rates of 10.3%（4/39）and 13.8%（11/80）,respectively，showing no statistical significance（ P=0.771）.Among the 67（72.8%）cases with available follow-up data，the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans was 8.3%（1/12）in the Doxycycline group，13.6%（3/22）in the Switch group，and 15.2%（5/33）in the Azithromycin group，with no statistical significance（ P>0.05）.Among the 34 cases using doxycycline with follow-up data available，none had tooth discoloration or enamel hypoplasia related to the medication. Conclusion:Doxycycline in the treatment of severe MRMPP in children could rapidly improve clinical symptoms，shorten the course of the disease，reduce the likelihood of methylprednisolone use，and is relatively safe for short-term use.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of early bronchoalveolar lavage using electronic bronchoscopy in pediatric drowning cases.Methods:A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 81 pediatric drowning cases treated in the intensive care unit of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 2017 to September 2023 was conducted.Among these,43 cases underwent bronchoalveolar lavage with electronic bronchoscopy within 24 hours of drowning,constituting the treatment group,while 38 cases either did not receive treatment within 24 hours or underwent the procedure after 24 hours,forming the control group.We compared the two groups regarding pre-admission observations,admission observations,and disease progression or prognosis indicators to assess the clinical efficacy of early bronchoalveolar lavage with electronic bronchoscopy in pediatric drowning cases.Results:Compared to the control group,children in the treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in invasive ventilation time [(73.33±13.33) h vs.(94.82±15.77) h] and a significant decrease in pediatric intensive care unit stay [105.00 (94.00,121.00) h vs.123.5 (109.75,149.00) h],with both differences being statistically significant( P<0.05).No significant differences in white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage were observed between the treatment group and control group at admission and on the first day( P>0.05).However,by the third day,there was a significant improvement in white blood cell count in both groups,with statistical significance( P<0.05).There was a significant decrease in C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels between the treatment group and control group on the 1st and 3rd days,with the differences being significant( P<0.05).Six hours after electronic bronchoalveolar lavage,the P/F ratio in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (177.09±41.27 vs. 233.50±48.23),but it increased more significantly at 24 hours (286.00±34.32 vs.256.34±44.22),with a significant difference between two groups.The positive rate of lavage fluid culture in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the number of organ function damage between two groups( P>0.05).However,regarding prognosis,the treatment group showed significantly better outcomes than the control group( P<0.05). Conclusion:For pediatric patients with wilderness drowning,early electronic bronchoscopy with alveolar lavage may shorten the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and pediatric intensive care unit stay,improving prognosis,and is worth promoting.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of small incision floating line drainage for the treatment of high perianal abscess.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 95 patients with high perianal abscess treated at the Medical Community General Hospital of Shaoxing Central Hospital from April 2019 to April 2021. Among them, 47 cases were treated with small incision floating line drainage (experimental group), and 48 cases were treated with conventional multi incision drainage (control group). The surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative pain, urination status, anal function evaluation, wound healing status and the clinical efficacy of the patient after 2 months of treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:The surgical time, intraoperative bleeding volume in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group: (18.70 ± 0.48) min vs. (38.10 ± 2.52) min, (32.35 ± 3.56) ml vs. (51.56 ± 6.24) ml, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The postoperative pain, urination status, anal function evaluation in the experimental group were better than those in the control group. In the experimental group, multiple incision drainage had a greater impact on patients and the wound healing cycle was longer. After treatment for 2 months, the total effective rate in the experimental group was better than that in the control group: 100.00%(47/47) vs. 91.67%(44/48), there was statistical difference ( χ2 = 4.09, P<0.05). Conclusions:Patients with high perianal abscess and treated with small incision floating line drainage has a shorter wound healing cycle, less pain, lower anal damage, and better clinical efficacy.

Objective:To identify the pathogenic characteristics of a suspected gonadal mosaicism Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) family, and provide provide basis for pregnancy selection of similar families.Methods:A BMD family admitted to Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital from June 2012 to September 2019 was systematically reviewed. The medical history and family history of the proband were checked, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to detect the deletion/duplication of 79 exons of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene in the proband, fetuses, and parents. Moreover, potential variants were verified by combining PCR amplification, short tandom repeat polymorphic linkage analysis, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. High-quality embryos are screened for transplantation after preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (PGT-M). And amniotic fluid was collected in the second trimester for prenatal diagnostic verification.Results:According to the phenotype analysis of the proband, the initial clinical diagnosis was BMD, and the exon 45-50 deletion in DMD gene was detected. The mutation was not detected in the mother′s peripheral blood, but when she was pregnant again, the prenatal diagnosis showed that the fetus had the same deletion mutation as the proband. Neither of two vitro embryos tested by PGT-M has the deletion mutation, then single embryo transfer was performed nor was pregnancy successful. After confirmation of prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy, a normal baby girl was born by full-term cesarean section.Conclusions:This BMD family was a family with two consecutive BMD homodeletion mutations, and the mutation of the DMD gene was not detected in the peripheral blood of the proband′s mother and two embryonic cells, suggesting that the mother may be a gonad chimeric carrier of this deletion mutation. The combined application of prenatal diagnosis and PGT-M provides a reference approach to effectively avoid the birth of similar children.