PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cell phone dependency and aggression in elementary school students with the mediating effect of leisure activities in South Korea. METHODS: Data were cross-sectional in study design with 1,555 fourth grade elementary school students participating in the 4th-year Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Cell phone dependency has a significant effect on aggression, but it did not act as a control variable in the relationship between the protective factor, weekly book reading time and the amount of daytime play with aggression. Weekly entertainment time and weekly TV and video viewing time had a significant statistical effect on aggression, thus this study confirmed that cell phone dependency acts as a control variable in relation to aggression. CONCLUSION: As the entertainment time for elementary school students, the time spent watching TV and videos play a negative role, it is necessary to prepare a leisure activity management practice and strategies with an emphasis on entertainment time as well as, TV and video viewing as elementary school students' leisure activities for a healthy school life.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Cell Phones ; Child ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities ; Negotiating ; Protective Factors ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to define the concept for psychological insulin resistance in the Korean population with diabetes. METHODS: The Hybrid model was used to perform the concept analysis of psychological insulin resistance. Results from both the theoretical review with 26 studies and a field study including 19 participants with diabetes were included in final process. RESULTS: The preceding factors of psychological insulin resistance were uncontrolled blood glucose and change in daily life. The concept of psychological insulin resistance was found to have three categories with 8 attributes such as emotional factors (negative feeling), cognitive factors (low awareness and knowledge, low confidence for self-injection) and supportive factors (economic burden, dependency life, embarrassing, feeling about supporters, feeling of trust in, vs mistrust of health care providers). The 8 attributes included 30 indicators. CONCLUSION: The psychological insulin resistance of population with diabetes in Korea was defined as a complex phenomenon associated with insulin therapy that can be affected by emotional factors, cognitive factors, and supportive relational factors. Based on the results, a tool for measuring psychological insulin resistance of Koreans with diabetes and effective programs for enhancing insulin adherence should be developed in future studies.
Blood Glucose ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Korea ; Psychology

PURPOSE: This study was a prospective longitudinal study to identify changes in quality of life in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It was based on Roy's adaptation model. METHODS: The questionnaires were administered before HSCT, 30 and 100 days after HSCT. Of the 48 potentially eligible patients, 44 (91.7%) participated in the study and 40 (90.9%) completed the questionnaires at 100 days after HSCT. Multilevel analysis was applied to analyze changes in quality of life. RESULTS: Overall, quality of life showed a decreasing tendency from pre-HSCT to 100 days after HSCT. The adaptation level of participants was compensatory. Type of conditioning was the significant factor influencing quality of life before HSCT (beta00=79.92, p <.001; beta01= - 12.64, p <.001) and the change rate of quality of life (beta10= - 1.66, p =.020; beta11=2.88, p =.014). Symptom severity (beta20= - 1.81, p =.004), depression (beta30= - 0.58, p =.001), social dependency (beta40= - 0.35, p =.165), and loneliness (beta50= - 0.23, p =.065) had a negative effect on changes in quality of life. Symptom severity and depression were statistically significant factors influencing changes in quality of life. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the development of nursing intervention is needed to improve quality of life in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the early immune reconstruction period. The interventions should include programs to enhance coping capacity and programs to help control symptom severity and depression. Also these interventions need to be started from the beginning of HSCT and a multidisciplinary approach would be helpful.
Adult ; Aged ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Depression ; Female ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multilevel Analysis ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Prospective Studies ; *Quality of Life ; Severity of Illness Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transplantation, Homologous

PURPOSE: Patients with work related burns suffer from anxiety, depression, insomnia and suicide ideation etc. Psychiatric symptoms could be reduced by treatment. Almost all patients are referred to psychiatric intervention in our hospital. However, a number of patients show non-adherence. The aim of this study is to figure out the reason of non-adherence and psychiatric symptoms of work related burns patients. METHODS: 123 patients participated in this study. Startle, Physiological arousal, Anger, and Numbness (SPAN), Feeling Suicide, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) were administered as screening tool. Questions about psychiatric intervention and reasons to refuse psychiatric intervention were asked. RESULTS: 32% patients were depressed, 34% patients had suicide ideation and 59% had PTSD after work related burns. However, 46% of burn patients had not been treated. Stigma of psychiatric intervention and concerns about dependency were major reasons for non-adherence. CONCLUSION: There are gap between necessity and reality of psychiatric intervention on work related burn patients.
Anger ; Anxiety ; Arousal ; Burns ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Depression ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Mass Screening ; Occupational Injuries ; Referral and Consultation ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Suicide

Influenza viruses have raised public health concerns by seasonal epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Vaccination is considered as the most effective method for preventing influenza infection in humans. Current influenza vaccines are mostly produced in fertile chicken eggs. However, disadvantages of egg-based vaccines, such as egg dependency, labor-intensive manufacturing system, and huddle for large-scale output, allow us to make an alternative method. A cell-culture platform may be a fine alternative for the next generation vaccine technique. Compared with a classical egg-based method, cell-grown vaccines provide stable pipeline even in the pandemic situation with shorter lead-in times. In addition, cell-grown vaccines are flexible for altering production scales because stocked cell batches can be easily sub-cultured in large quantity without worrying avian diseases and a resultant decrease in egg production. By World Health Organization, MDCK, PER.C6, and Vero cells are only recommended for manufacturing influenza vaccines. In this review, we discuss the necessity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of cell-grown influenza vaccines compared with egg-based vaccines.
Animals ; Bird Diseases ; Chickens ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Eggs ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Ovum ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; Seasons ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Vero Cells ; Weights and Measures ; World Health Organization

As the period since the partition of North and South Korea has been prolonged, the gap between the two Koreas continues to widen in various ways. Indeed, in the health sector, differences that already existed have diverged even more after North Korea's economic crisis. This article will focus on the problematic situation of North Korean health care status and the trends in health aid to North Korea toward future improvement. Since 1990, after the dismantling of the socialist state system and a series of natural disasters, North Korea has accepted partial transformation to free market principles. Along with these changes and due to decreased rations, health workers also began seeking a secondary income to meet their daily needs, and a secondary economy in the pharmaceutical industry became one of their main financial resources. This has led to inequity in health service accessibility and has resulted in changes in North Korean patients' health behaviors. Meanwhile, external aid for health has steadily increased, resulting in dependency on external support. Infectious disease and maternal, neonatal, and child health-related aid support has comprised the largest portion in health aid; however, the changing composition of the disease burden is requiring different allocation and partnerships aligned according to health aid needs. North Korea requires health-related policy reforms that can respond actively to the lack of health resources, the deteriorated health infrastructure, and the instability of the health and social safety net. The South Korean government, as the central coordinator of such aid, should play this role with a specific strategy to support and respond to the changing needs of the North Korean people.
Child ; Communicable Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Disasters ; Drug Industry ; Financial Support ; Health Behavior ; Health Care Sector ; Health Resources ; Health Services ; Humans ; Korea ; Republic of Korea

Based on data generated from 180 randomly selected households with children age under five years old in Aysaita district of Afar region of Ethiopia, this study explored prevalence of malnutrition and scrutinized household characteristics, maternal characteristics, specifics of the child and economic variables associated with child malnutrition. The height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ), weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ) and weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) were used to measure the extent of stunting, wasting and underweight, respectively. The results revealed that prevalence of long term nutritional imbalance and malnutrition status indicator (i.e. stunting) was 67.8%. The short term measure (wasting) was found to be 12.8% and underweight was found to be 46.1%. Moreover, children in households which are headed by women, and characterized by more dependency ratio, less access to assets, health services and institutions are more likely to be undernourished.
Anthropometry ; Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Ethiopia ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Head ; Health Services ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Prevalence ; Thinness

OBJECTIVES: Until recently, most patch-clamp recordings in inner hair cells (IHCs) have been performed at room temperature. The results acquired at room temperature should be corrected if they are to be related to in vivo findings. However, the temperature dependency to ion channels in IHCs is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the potassium currents in IHCs. METHODS: IHCs were isolated from a mature guinea-pig cochlea and potassium currents were recorded at room temperature (around 25degrees C) and physiological temperatures (35degrees C-37degrees C). RESULTS: IHCs showed outwardly rectifying currents in response to depolarizing voltage pulses, with only a slight inward current when hyperpolarized. The amplitude of both outward and inward currents demonstrated no temperature dependency, however, activation and inactivation rates were faster at 36degrees C than at room temperature. Half-time for activation was shorter at 36degrees C than at room temperature at membrane potentials of -10, +10, +20, +30, and +40 mV. Q10 for the activation rate was 1.83. The inactivation time constant in outward tetraethylammonium-sensitive potassium currents was much smaller at 36degrees C than at room temperature between the membrane potentials of -20 and +60 mV. Q10 for the inactivation time constant was 3.19. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the amplitude of potassium currents in IHCs showed no temperature dependence either in outward or inward-going currents, however, activation and inactivation accelerated at physiological temperatures.
Cochlea ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Hair ; Ion Channels ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials ; Potassium

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study sought to determine the natural course of Crohn's disease (CD) and identify predictors that could indicate responsiveness to corticosteroid (CS) therapy. METHODS: Patients with active CD who were treated with oral CS at a single institution between August 1994 and February 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical outcomes at 1 month, 4 months, and 1 year after the treatment, as well as clinical and biochemical parameters at the time of CS initiation, were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients with CD were enrolled. In this study, 37 patients achieved complete remission (38.5%), 49 achieved partial remission (51.0%), and 10 (10.4%) showed no response at 1 month after the initiation of CS treatment. At 4 months and 1 year after treatment, 66 (69.5%) and 47 (56.6%) patients showed prolonged response, 22 (23.2%) and 20 (24.1%) showed steroid dependency, and 7 (7.4%) and 16 (19.3%) showed refractoriness, respectively. Nonstricturing and nonpenetrating behaviors and a lower CD activity index demonstrated clinical significance for mid-term or mid- and long-term steroid responses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term response rate to initial oral CS therapy in CD was considerably high, but responsiveness thereafter showed a tendency to decrease with time. Clinical parameters reflecting mild inflammation were associated with responsiveness after CS treatment.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Crohn Disease ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Retrospective Studies ; Steroids

OBJECTIVES: This study is to investigate the prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults aged 20 years and above. METHODS: From the database of the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted in 2010, data of 5,670 adults who responded to all the questionnaires of health interview and had metabolic syndrome in the health examination were included in this analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules and commands. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome based on the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 18.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in each group was: 20.7% of women, 43.1% among elderly over 70 years old, 40.6% of the divorced or the separated, 27.6% of recipients of economic support from the government, 23.6% of people who had alcohol dependency problem, and 43.7% of overweight or obese adults. Independent risk factors based on the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was associated with female (odds ratio 1.59 [95% confidence interval 1.20-2.11]), age (50s 3.95 [2.11-7.37], 60s 5.62 [2.98-10.61], 70s 10.56 [5.25-21.25]), high school education (0.52 [0.37-0.74]), clerk occupation (2.14 [1.27-3.60]), divorced marital status (1.72 [1.15-2.59]), alcohol dependency (1.86 [1.16-2.98]), higher BMI (14.08 [10.60-18.70]). CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic syndrome is prevalent among Korean adult population according to IDF criteria. Several demographic characteristics and potentially modifiable factors are associated with metabolic syndrome. Identification of this high-risk group and management of these modifiable factors are warranted to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Adult ; Aged ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Divorce ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Overweight ; Phenothiazines ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires