Background: Saponins are secondary metabolites in plants that play an important role in defense mechanisms and physiological processes. Since stomatal cells are crucial for gas exchange and water balance in plant tissues, studying the anatomical and biochemical features of stomatal cells in saponin-rich plant species provides insight into the interactions between these compounds and cellular mechanisms. This serves as the basis of our study. Aim: To determine the structure, types, and functions of stomatal cells in saponin-containing medicinal plants Materials and Methods: During June–September 2024, nine species of saponin-containing medicinal plants were collected from Bulgan, Tuv provinces, and “Gorkhi-Terelj National Park” in Mongolia. Prepared microscopic specimens were examined using macroscopic and microscopic techniques to study the structure, position, number, and epidermal features of stomatal cells. Results: The study revealed that Anemone crinita Juz. exhibited the highest stomatal density (107 stomata/mm²) and epidermal cell density (229 cells/mm²), indicating strong adaptation and protective capacity in arid conditions. Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B. Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index (39.6), highlighting its significant role in regulating transpiration. Stomatal types varied among species: • Anomocytic stomata were observed in Potentilla multifida and Vicia baicalensis. • Anisocytic stomata were found in Delphinium grandiflorum and Ranunculus borealis. • Paracytic stomata were present in Gentiana algida, Adenophora remotiflora, Helianthemum nummularium, Anemone crinita, and Ranunculus acris. Conclution In the study of the structure, form, and number of stomatal cells in saponin-containing plants growing in Mongolia, Anemone crinita Juz. was found to have the highest number of stomatal and epidermal cells, indicating its high efficiency in gas exchange, water regulation, and protection against external stress. Furthermore, Vicia baicalensis (Turcz.) B.Fedtsch. showed the highest stomatal index, confirming its strong capacity for active regulation of gas exchange. The variation in stomatal cell types among plant species was identified as playing an important role in ecological and biological adaptation as well as protective mechanisms.

Background: Plants of the family Gentianaceae in Mongolia are rich in bitter iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds, and have been traditionally used in Mongolian medicine to promote digestion, protect the liver, and reduce fever. However, standardized information on the micro-morphology and histochemical characteristics of the widely distributed species Gentiana decumbens L.f. is scarce, limiting the assessment of its quality as a medicinal raw material. Aim: To identify the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the aerial and underground parts of Gentiana decumbens and to localize the distribution of starch, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds using histochemical methods. Materials and Methods: Plant materials were collected in July 2024 from Tsagaan-Uul soum, Khuvsgul province, andshade-dried. Samples were softened in a water–ethanol–glycerol solution (1:1:1) for 24 hours, and transverse and longitudinal sections of stem, leaf, root, and floral parts (anther, petal, receptacle/bract) were prepared using a hand microtome. Sections were cleared with 10% chloral hydrate. Histochemical reagents included potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), ferric chloride (FeCl3), Lugol’s iodine (I₂+KI), thymol + concentrated H₂SO₄, and methylene blue. Slides were mounted in glycerin and examined under an Olympus light microscope at 40× and 100× magnifications, and images were recorded using a 12 MP digital camera. Results: Leaf: The leaf exhibits a dorsiventral structure with a dense palisade parenchyma on the adaxial side and a loosely arranged spongy mesophyll on the abaxial side. Stomata are hypostomatic, and collenchyma is well developed around the vascular bundles. Histochemical reactions were negative for starch and phenolic compounds. Stem: The stem consists of an epidermis, a wide cortex, a continuous ring of sclerenchyma, 12–15 collateral vascular bundles, and a broad central parenchyma. Histochemical tests showed a brownish-yellow coloration with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), indicating the presence of polyphenols and lignin, and a brown coloration with Lugol’s iodine, confirming the presence of starch. Reactions with ferric chloride (FeCl₃), methylene blue, and thymol + H2SO4 were mostly negative in cross sections. However, in longitudinal sections, Lugol’s and thymol + H2SO4 showed positive reactions, suggesting the presence of starch and polysaccharides, respectively. Root: The root displays a primary structure with radial xylem and phloem, a distinct endodermis with Casparian strips, and a pericycle layer. Positive reactions were observed with K2Cr2O7 and FeCl₃, indicating phenolic compounds and lignin. Lugol’s iodine showed abundant starch granules in parenchyma cells. Receptacle / Bract: The receptacle is covered by a thick cuticular epidermis with trichomes, and composed of outer and central parenchyma layers containing numerous small closed (amphivasal-type) vascular bundles. Positive reactions were detected with K2Cr2O7 and FeCl₃, indicating polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins; Lugol’s iodine confirmed the presence of starch; thymol + H2SO4 showed partial positivity for polysaccharides. Stamen (longitudinal section): The stamen structure includes epidermis, endothecium, pollen sacs, and a distinct vascular bundle. Positive staining was observed with K2Cr2O7, Lugol’s iodine, and FeCl3, confirming the presence of polyphenolic compounds, lignified elements, and starch. Conclusion The anatomical features of G. decumbens indicate adaptations to dry, high-light environments through well-developed mechanical strengthening (sclerenchymatous ring), efficient photosynthetic structure (compact palisade mesophyll), and nutrient storage (starch-rich pith and cortex). Histochemical analysis revealed the localization of polyphenolic compounds and starch/polysaccharides mainly in the root, stem, and floral organs, while absent in the leaves, demonstrating organ-specific accumulation patterns. These findings scientifically support the plant’s traditional medicinal uses for digestive stimulation and hepatoprotection.

Introduction: In recent years, some species of plants that are used in traditional medicine and have high practical value have been successfully introduced in our country. It is necessary to carry out phytochemical studies of local medicinal and useful plants to produce food and biologically active food supplements. The tall coin flower (Inula Helenium L.) has been successfully cultivated in Mongolia, and the lower layer of the plant such as roots and stems are used. However, most of the times the top layer of the plant is not used and thrown away, that is why the plant must be fully utilized. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the top layer of the plant and present the results of anatomical studies. Methods: Remove the top layer of the plant and soak it in glycerin for 24 hours. When making an incision, select a green, undamaged part of the plant and place it in the VCM-202III freezer microtome. Chloral hydrate liquid should be used for micro-preparation. In addition to implementing chloral hydrate solution, use the solutions of various concentrations of sodium alkali (NaOH) (5- 15%). Place the slice in alcian blue stain (using the cell wall staining method) for 3 minutes and wash it with distilled water. Then stain it in a drop of safranin staining (0.5–1.0% aqueous solution) for 1 minute. Rinse it twice with distilled water, add a mixture of glycerin and distilled water, cover it with a glass slide and prepare a temporary slide. Examine the prepared temporary slide with a NOVEL light microscope. Cell images of the plant’s anatomical structures are captured on a computer screen with the help of a digital camera. Conclusion The anatomy of the leaves, stems and flowers of the tall coin flower (Inula Helenium L.), a plant cultivated in Mongolia, has been analyzed.

Abstract Nowadays on par with the development of Western medicine, such issues as preserving veg- etation and ecological balance, supporting the expansion of the National Pharmaceutical Industry and “National Policy for the Development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine” are being actively discussed in Mongolia. Also, worldwide, the trend of using herbal medicine is growing².
Due to the continuous drought for many years, the desertification process in most parts of Mongolia was very intense, and as a result rare endangered plants are on the verge of extinction ^{3, 4, 6}. Therefore, there is the need to determine the amount of reserve, rationalize the use of medicinal plant, acclimate rare herbal plants, and create medicine from raw materials.
To resolve this matter, we prepared a methodological recommendation for the cultivation of Rheum undulatum L. With this method, it is possible to plant this kind of seed in the steppes of Mongolia and to use the medicinal raw materials from the roots of a 3-year-old plant.

Research main purpose is to study spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and to classify sporetypes from soil. Samples were collected from six diverse types of soil: larch forest, larch forest edge,mountain slope, wetlands, steppe and winter camp around “Shajin Khurh” of Bogdkhan mountain.The soil sample was taken from the six sites such as larch forest, larch forest edge, foot of mountain,washland, steppe, winter camp which are included to the natural various zone near “Shajin Khurkh”of Bogd Khan Mountain. By the survey the research team had found 26 species of spore to carry outsurvey on soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore.The survey was carried out at the flora laboratory of “School of Biology” under the University of InnerMongolia. We had the following result when the research work was done according to the researchwork methodology. Including:26 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore were determined from soil sample from thesix sites near “Shajin Khurkh” of Bogd Khan Mountain, Acaulaspora 5 species, Diversispora 3 species,Glomus 15 species, Entrophospora 1 species, Scutellospora 2 species were separated (shown in table1). 16 species from Larch forest, 14 species from steppe, 12 species from washland, 11 species fromLarch forest edge, 8 species from Graizing grassland, 7 species from mountain foot were determined.Soil samples were taken from investigatory 6 points in variety environmental ranges such as larchforest, larch forest edge, mountain slope, wetlands, and steppe and winter camp around “Shajin Khurh”of Bogdkhan Mountain. Research work to study AMF in root was performed there. And colonizationrate of AMF in 34 species, 23 genera and 15 families.When the research work was done in according to method, there is following results. Hereto: versicular16.4% and hyphae 39.1% in root contained in mountain slope soil versicular 14.3% and hyphae54.4% in larch forest edge soil, versicular 8.1% and hyphae 61% in larch forest soil, versicular 24%and hyphaе 42.4% in steppe soil, versicular 21.3% and hyphae 50% wetlands soil, 6.1% and hyphae55.1% in winter camp soil. Versicular and hyphae rate contained in root is showed in following table.Studying AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) colonization in root is very important. Fungal symbiosesin root are detected by the research work. Root and fungal symbioses are beneficial mutual. Plantshave ability to adapt in various condition of ecology and AMF is very important factor for rehabilitationecology. Thus I did AMF in roots. Attached pictures of mycrrohiza in some roots used to the research(Pictureг 2).

We are still doing research on 30 kind of ephemeral and perennialgramineous, bosk and wooded in our country. Nation`s enterprise in industries importing essential oils from abroad and they are using in product of medicine, food and beauty. Whole world`s most of them still researching and using widely Mentha L (Horsemint) plant in crop production and if we naturalize this Mentha L it will show result good result in plant raw material of nature and important to our economy as well.Key words: Mentha longifolia; Menth arvensis, Biological characterIntroductionEach year resource availability of raw material is proved to be not enough and it shows in research of resource in medical plant range and also what plant shows low resourceof raw material has to provide before the plant germinate or during fl owering stage in every year. Nowadays this plant is destroying and possibility of grow again is decreasing, because of the people who has interest in profi t they are taking away a lot of rhizome roots. The result of 100 scrip in Mongolian medicine shows that we supplied 43.75% of raw material in plants are from our fl ora and 56.25% is from other country. So it shows bad affect to our economy that still using other country`s resource and getting import from them. Then we have naturalize the plants in our weather conditions and try to detect innovative biological active ingredients and do research that has explained by modern science. Mongolian medicine need phytogenic of rareplants from other foreign country, so that`s why we are still doing research on how to naturalize plants in our country.Goal: How to plant Metha L. (Horsemint) in fi eld area that in order to determine the nature this plant and next try to know purpose under the following main objectives. There are:1. To recognize the naturalizing plant division2. To identify the qualifi cation of naturalizing plant division and do research ratio with anatomical result3. Get recognition of the importance in Metha L. (Horsemint)Materials and methodsThings that involved in research (blossom) take middle leaf and in order to prepare slice for anatomy research, cut the middle of leaf, get in foam plastic sponge and cut it, blue, paint it with sapphire, put it on the glass shelf make jelly and in order to prepare slice done with 8-10 frequency. According to traditional method with the help of “Enaval” microscope research leaf’s inside anatomy and textural fi nished (Гзырян,1981; Эзау 1980; В.К.Василевская,А.А.Бутник, 1981; Гамалей, 1984). The plants leaf that involved in research anatomy picturedwith the help of “PA-4”that camera.

The survival of seeds in the soil is characterized by the ambient concentration of seed and seed distribution and seed maturation. Seedlings grown in a fully developed in the future viability of the plant growth shows revival. Ecological restoration of this important natural seed bank study could also be considered, assuming of Bogd Khan Uul “Shajin khurkh” around the goal of soil seed reservation. Goal to achieve the following objectives. Including:1. To learn soil seed stydies2. To familiarize with the methodology andresearch, make the research methodologyinto own3. To study soil seed bank around BogdKhan mountain “Shajin khurkh”Key words: Bogd Khan Mountain; soil; seed bankIntroductionNowadays, environmental problems aroundthe world, our country prone to desertifi cation gene pool of rare and endangered native plant conservation and is close to extinction benefi cial for some drugs, food and technical plant species restoration, conservation and proper use is a challenge today. With an easy transition to a market economy gain a group of people interested in nature pillage of rare animals and plants remove, and the intense drought shifting in recent years in Mongolian Gobi desert steppe has desertifi cation across the region. Natural conditions, rehabilitation of forest trees, shrubs and plants shrubs planted seeds and seedlings preparation step is performed to transfer. It is not possible to recover plant ecology without seeds. To destroy the vegetation limited nature of the environment and human infl uence in the work of restoring scientifi c conduct acomprehensive study to ensure that it is desirable to restore the ecology of the soil seed reserves in the area, primarily to determine what research.Materials and methodsThe location of points of GPS (Geographicalposition system) established with the help ofapparatus and measuring 10x10m area of each point and each of any two points each 1m2 5 this site soil samples from 5 repeats. Studies using soil samples takenin 2013-2014 according to German scientists K.Tomsony research methodology to test performance.Bogd khan ‘’Shajin khurkh’’ mountain thestudy are shown