OBJECTIVE: To analyze the density, distribution and insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of dengue fever control strategies. METHODS: Four administrative villages were randomly selected from each county (district) in Ningbo City from April to November, 2021, to investigate the indoor population density of Aedes larvae, and the Breteau index (BI) was calculated. The population density of adult mosquitoes was investigated in residential areas, parks/bamboo forests, waste tire stacking sites/waste stations/construction sites in each county (district). On June 2021, larvae of the natural strain A. albopictus were collected from epidemic sites of dengue fever in Ningbo City in 2018, and raised in laboratory. Then, larvae and female mosquitoes without blood feeding were selected for insecticide resistance bioassays, while insecticide-sensitive strains of A. albopictus served as controls. The resistance of A. albopictus larvae to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos using the impregnation method, and the medium lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and resistance ratio (RR) were calculated. The resistance of adult A. albopictus to beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, propoxur and malathion was determined using the tube bioassay, and the mosquito mortality was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 10 072 small water containers from 9 935 households were investigated in Ningbo City in 2021, and there were 1 276 containers with Aedes larvae detected, with an average BI of 12.89. Totally 1 422 mosquito nets were allocated and 954 female A. albopictus were captured, with an average net trapping index of 1.34 mosquitoes/(net·hour). Both larval and adult A. albopictus mosquitoes were found from April to November, and the density of larval A. albopictus peaked in September (BI = 21.21), while the density of adult A. albopictus peaked in August, with a net trapping index of 2.38 mosquitoes/(net·hour). The LC₅₀ values of delta-methrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos were 0.017 4, 0.000 9, 0.364 1, 0.038 1 mg/L and 0.001 6 mg/L against larvae of natural strains of A. albopicchus, with RRs of 49.66, 25.53, 9.65, 2.24 and 6.06, and the mortality rates of adult mosquitoes were 66.00% (66/100), 69.39% (68/98), 25.00% (25/100), 98.97% (96/97) and 100.00% (98/98) 24 hours post-treatment with 0.08% beta-cypermethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.4% permethrin, 0.05% propoxur, and 0.5% malathion for 24 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A. albopictus is widely distributed in Ningbo City, with a high population density and presents high-level resistance to common pyrethroid insecticides. The population density and insecticide resistance of A. albopictus requires to be reinforced.
Animals ; Female ; Malathion ; Temefos ; Aedes ; Propoxur ; Permethrin ; Dichlorvos ; Mosquito Vectors ; Larva ; Dengue/prevention & control*

BACKGROUND: Transfusion transmissible emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is a potential risk to the safety of blood transfusions due to the lack of donor screening assays. To prevent the spread of EIDs through blood transfusions, we attempted to predict the possibility of blood donations from people with EIDs using a public database. METHODS: We used the Disease Web Statistics System of the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Korean Statistical Information Service. We estimated the possibility of blood donations from people with EIDs using the public database combined with the database made available by the Blood Information Management System of the Korean Red Cross. RESULTS: Among the transfusion transmissible EIDs, Babesiosis, Leishmaniasis, West Nile fever, Chikungunya, and Dengue fever were reported in Korea. All of them were cases imported from abroad. Although the number of reported cases of Babesiosis, Leishmaniasis, West Nile fever, and Chikungunya were less than 10 per year until 2016, the reported cases of Dengue fever gradually increased from 2001, and there were 318 cases of Dengue fever in 2016. CONCLUSION: The possibility of blood donation from people with transfusion-transmissible EIDs was low because all reported transfusion-transmissible EIDs in Korea were from foreigners and blood donation from Koreans who returned from abroad was restricted for a period of a month. Nonetheless, preventive strategy for donation from people is necessary given the recent increase in Dengue fever.
Animals ; Babesiosis ; Blood Donors* ; Blood Transfusion ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging* ; Dengue ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Donor Selection ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Humans ; Information Management ; Information Services ; Korea ; Leishmaniasis ; Red Cross ; West Nile Fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. A severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue haemorrhagic fever, can cause severe bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death. The incidence of dengue fever has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting prevention practices for dengue fever within the community. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the the municipality of Banda Aceh and district of Aceh Besar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The sample size was 203, and the study instrument was a questionnaire. The study results showed that female respondents, 71 (75,5%) seem to have practiced prevention of dengue fever more as compared to the males (58,7%) or 64 respondents. Respondents in early adulthood (75 people or 54.7%) practiced more dengue prevention than older respondents. Meanwhile, respondents with higher levels of education, 85 (87.6%) practiced more dengue prevention than respondents with a middle level of education (47.2%) or 50 respondents. Respondents with good knowledge about dengue fever 128 (74%) practiced more prevention of dengue fever than respondent with a poor knowledge (23.3%) or 7 respondents. Respondents who had a positive attitude to the prevention of dengue fever, 108 (85.7%) practiced much more prevention than respondents who had a negative attitude (33.3%) or 25 respondents. Factors most affecting prevention practices for dengue fever were knowledge, attitude, education level, age and gender. Health promotion related to prevention of dengue fever should be done more in the media, especially using televison.
factors affecting ; prevention practices ; dengue fever

Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Communication ; Dengue ; prevention & control ; Dengue Vaccines ; therapeutic use ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Education ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Mosquito Control ; Obesity ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Public Health ; Public Health Practice ; Risk ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; prevention & control ; Singapore ; Tobacco Use ; prevention & control ; therapy

OBJECTIVEA Dengue outbreak was reported in Dongfen town Jianou county, Fujian province on September 19, 2014. The goal of this project was to explore the role of syndromic surveillance program in the practice of early detection on disease outbreak through the case mentioned above.

METHODSThe authors retrospectively collected data related to Outpatient log and Pharmacy drug use in Dongfen township hospital through the electronic information system of the hospital from August to November, 2014. All the abnormal events were recorded, according to related data on fever and drug use. Description of fever, syndromic characteristics, correlation and Linear regression analyses were conducted, using the surveillance data on fever syndrome and drug use from the pharmacy.

RESULTSA total of 1 102 cases with fever and 2 437 fever-related clinic visits were reported which showing an increased number of 19.6, 10.2 times respectively, when compared to the same period of the previous year in which men accounted for 45.3% (499/1 102) and female accounted for 54.7% (603/1 102). Age groups presented an atypical type " M" type. 5 and 10 year olds groups formed the largest proportion, accounted for 11.5% (127/1 102) of the total number os the patients. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.85 to 0.97 (P<0.05). Data from the syndromic surveillance program showed an " outbreak" was occured in August 23, 2014.

CONCLUSIONSCompared to routine surveillance program, the syndromic surveillance program could detect the appearence of an outbreak, a month or even more earlier. The role of syndromic surveillance program needs to be further explored.

Data Collection ; Dengue ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Drug Prescriptions ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Fever ; etiology ; Health Information Systems ; Humans ; Male ; Pharmacy Service, Hospital ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Retrospective Studies

Dengue virus (DENV) is a re-emerging disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes and has become a major public health problem in southern China. Currently, no antiviral drug or effective vaccine exist to control this disease. The chimeric DENV structural protein vaccine cannot elicit balanced levels of protective immunity to each of the four viral serotypes; therefore, non-structural protein components may be required to construct an effective DENV vaccine. The Dengue virus non-structural 1 (DENV NS1) protein plays a critical role in viral pathogenesis and protective immunity. Therefore, immunity to Dengue 1-4 NS1 subtypes may be crucial for the prevention of severe disease. This review attempts to provide an overview about the structure and function of DENV NS1.
Animals ; Dengue ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Dengue Vaccines ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Dengue Virus ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology

Dengue ; prevention & control ; Disease Reservoirs ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Singapore

To investigate the adjuvant effect of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in Flaviviridae virus DNA vaccines. After DNA immunization, the antibody levels of serum from mice were detected by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Co-immunization of GM-CSF suppressed the immune responses induced by DV1 and DV2 candidate vaccines whereas enhanced the immune response induced by HCV C and E1 DNA vaccines. As genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines, GM-CSF might display complex diversity on the immune responses: an augmentation or suppression due to different immunogens. Therefore, GM-CSF should be used with some cautions in clinic.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; administration & dosage ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; immunology ; DNA, Viral ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Dengue ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Dengue Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Dengue Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Hepacivirus ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis C ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Humans ; Immunization ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Vaccines, DNA ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology

Dengue fever (DF) has several hematological manifestations including thrombocytopenia and increased bleeding risk. Prophylactic platelet transfusion-in the absence of major bleeding-is utilized in DF with thrombocytopenia with the intention of preventing hemorrhagic complications. However, prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF is neither standardized nor supported by clinical evidence. We conclude that risks, costs and poor resource utilization associated with prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF far outweigh any potential hematological benefit, and as such, should not constitute routine clinical practice.
Dengue ; complications ; therapy ; Hemorrhage ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Platelet Transfusion ; adverse effects ; economics ; Thrombocytopenia ; etiology ; prevention & control

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to compare the knowledge and practices of household mosquito-breeding control measures between a dengue hotspot (HS) and a non-hotspot (NHS).

MATERIALS AND METHODSEight hundred households were randomly sampled from HS and NHS areas, and an National Environment Agency (NEA) questionnaire was administered to heads of the households. Interviewers were blinded to the dengue status of households. We included subjects aged above 16 years, who were communicative and currently living in the household. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions and multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for socio-demographic differences between both areas.

RESULTSThe overall response rate was 59.0% (n = 472). There were significant differences in gender, educational level, employment status and housing type between HS and NHS (all P <0.05). NHS residents were less knowledgeable in 6 out of 8 NEA-recommended anti-mosquito breeding actions: changing water in vase/bowls [AOR (adjusted OR), 0.20; CI, 0.08-0.47; P <0.01], adding sand granular insecticide to water [AOR, 0.49; CI, 0.31-0.71; P <0.01], turning over pails when not in use [AOR, 0.39; CI, 0.17-0.89; P = 0.02], removing flower pot/plates [AOR, 0.35; CI, 0.18-0.67; P <0.01], removing water in flower pot/plates [AOR, 0.36; CI, 0.17-0.75; P <0.01] and putting insecticide in roof gutters [AOR 0.36; CI, 0.13-0.98; P = 0.04]. Hotspot residents reported better practice of only 2 out of 8 NEA-recommended mosquito-breeding control measures: changing water in vases or bowls on alternate days [AOR, 2.74; CI, 1.51-4.96; P <0.01] and removing water from flower pot plates on alternate days [AOR, 1.95; CI, 1.01-3.77; P = 0.05].

CONCLUSIONMore HS residents were knowledgeable and reported practicing mosquito-breeding control measures compared to NHS residents. However, a knowledge-practice gap still existed.

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dengue ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Housing ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; methods ; Singapore ; epidemiology