BACKGROUND:Circadian rhythms are closely related to the life activities of most mammals and insects.Timless gene plays a crucial role in the generation of circadian rhythms as key components encoding the Timeless/Period gene complex.However,its specific mechanism in circadian rhythms is still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between Timless protein gene,Period gene,circadian rhythm,environment and cryptochrome gene,so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the nucleation and accumulation mechanism of circadian cycle and the influence of environment on circadian rhythm.METHODS:Literature retrieval was conducted in the Web of science Core Collection database,PubMed and CNKI,and the relevant literature was searched,consulted and screened after the keyword was set as"Timless,Period,circadian rhythm,environment"in English and Chinese.Non-relevant literature was progressively excluded through full-text reading,and 126 papers were finally included for the review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the circadian clock,the circadian spontaneous output of the cyclins kaput and CYCLE activate the Timeless/Period gene,Timeless gene regulates the nucleation mechanism and stability of Period gene,and Period gene can also be nucleated individually by a number of mechanisms.Casein kinase 2,Shaggy protein kinase and double time genes can regulate circadian rhythms and participate in transcription by phosphorylating Timeless gene/Period gene.Cryptochrome gene-mediated degradation of Timeless gene has a very important role in transcriptional integrity.External factors such as environmental factors and dietary patterns can influence circadian rhythms through the Timeless gene/Period gene.Interestingly,time-restricted eating can be used as an effective way to improve circadian rhythm disturbances.

BACKGROUND:Circadian rhythms are closely related to the life activities of most mammals and insects.Timless gene plays a crucial role in the generation of circadian rhythms as key components encoding the Timeless/Period gene complex.However,its specific mechanism in circadian rhythms is still unclear.OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between Timless protein gene,Period gene,circadian rhythm,environment and cryptochrome gene,so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the nucleation and accumulation mechanism of circadian cycle and the influence of environment on circadian rhythm.METHODS:Literature retrieval was conducted in the Web of science Core Collection database,PubMed and CNKI,and the relevant literature was searched,consulted and screened after the keyword was set as"Timless,Period,circadian rhythm,environment"in English and Chinese.Non-relevant literature was progressively excluded through full-text reading,and 126 papers were finally included for the review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the circadian clock,the circadian spontaneous output of the cyclins kaput and CYCLE activate the Timeless/Period gene,Timeless gene regulates the nucleation mechanism and stability of Period gene,and Period gene can also be nucleated individually by a number of mechanisms.Casein kinase 2,Shaggy protein kinase and double time genes can regulate circadian rhythms and participate in transcription by phosphorylating Timeless gene/Period gene.Cryptochrome gene-mediated degradation of Timeless gene has a very important role in transcriptional integrity.External factors such as environmental factors and dietary patterns can influence circadian rhythms through the Timeless gene/Period gene.Interestingly,time-restricted eating can be used as an effective way to improve circadian rhythm disturbances.

BACKGROUND:Exercise as a viable non-pharmacological treatment has the potential to reverse skeletal muscle aging that deteriorates with age.The role of autophagy in the skeletal muscle aging process is indispensable.During skeletal muscle aging,Atg genes involved in regulating autophagy regulate the autophagic process in either a facilitative or inhibitory manner to improve the physiological morphology of skeletal muscle.However the specific molecular mechanisms of autophagy in the exercise regulation of skeletal muscle aging remain puzzling. OBJECTIVE:To search for general patterns of the effects of autophagic mechanisms on skeletal muscle aging during exercise through a review of articles in this field. METHODS:(1)CNKI and Web of Science were searched,reviewed,and screened for relevant literature using the keywords of"Atg genes(proteins),autophagy,exercise,and skeletal muscle aging"to lay the theoretical foundation for the full-text analysis.(2)The comparative analysis method was used to compare the similarities and differences among the included documents to provide reasonable theoretical support for the arguments.By the further comparative analysis of the literature,the relationship between relevant indicators was clarified,to provide the ideas for the full-text analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Atg family-mediated autophagy is indispensable for delaying skeletal muscle aging.Atg genes involved in regulating autophagy regulate the autophagic process in either a facilitative or inhibitory manner to improve the physiological morphology and function of skeletal muscle.Different exercise patterns,such as age,time,or intensity at initiation,may have heterogeneous effects on the expression of autophagy-related proteins,but long-term aerobic exercise regulates Atg-related proteins,induces skeletal muscle autophagy,and delays the loss of muscle mass.

BACKGROUND:Aging is an irreversible process that is characterized by genes,diet and environment.As a central regulator of growth and development,mammalian target of rapamycin(mTor)can regulate the negative effects caused by aging,exercise and poor diet,which are correlated with the activity of mTor and its complexes.However,the relationship between these factors,such as mTor and the effect of exercise on aging,is still unclear. OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between exercise,high fat/high salt diet and mTor in aging,so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the prevention and treatment mechanism of aging. METHODS:(1)Literature retrieval was conducted in the core database of Web of Science and CNKI,using the keywords of"mTor gene,exercise,high fat/high salt diet,aging,"thereby providing theoretical support for this review.(2)Comparative analysis provided a theoretical basis for this thesis by carefully reading the obtained effective literature and comparing the differences among various literatures.(3)Through the comparative analysis of similarities and differences between the included articles,we could define each index and their relationship,so as to clarify the ideas of this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:mTor is closely related to aging.Through the literature analysis,we believe that two complexes of mTor,mTorC1 and mTorC2,play important roles in aging,exercise and skeletal muscle growth and development.In addition,mTor-mediated S6K1,Akt,FOXO,and 4E-BP1 signaling pathways are strongly associated with exercise,high-fat diet,high-salt diet,and skeletal muscle/heart aging.