Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by abnormal synchronous neuronal discharges in the brain, often accompanied by various complications. The pathogenesis of epilepsy has not yet been fully elucidated. Optogenetics, a cutting-edge technique that integrates optics and genetics, enables precise modulation of specific neurons by regulating light-sensitive proteins. Utilizing optogenetic technology has facilitated the dissection of neural circuits involved in epileptic seizures within brain regions such as the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus. It has also helped identify potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy-related complications, including cognitive impairment, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and mood disorders.However, in the process of advancing from basic research to clinical treatment, its translational path is profoundly influenced by factors such as stimulation modes (the choice between open-loop and closed-loop systems), key parameters (light frequency), and intervention strategies (unilateral or bilateral target selection). The individualized customization of these factors represents the future direction for overcoming current translational bottlenecks and achieving precise treatment.

Research shows that epileptic seizures are essentially due to abnormal functions of neural circuits. Optogenetics regulates neural circuits by specifically expressing light-sensitive proteins in target neurons, which has now become an important tool in the research of temporal lobe epilepsy. Studies have shown that optogenetics focuses on brain regions such as the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia in studying temporal lobe epilepsy. This article reviews the research progress of optogenetics in exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of temporal lobe epilepsy, aiming to provide new ideas for temporal lobe epilepsy treatment.

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by abnormal synchronous neuronal discharges in the brain, often accompanied by various complications. The pathogenesis of epilepsy has not yet been fully elucidated. Optogenetics, a cutting-edge technique that integrates optics and genetics, enables precise modulation of specific neurons by regulating light-sensitive proteins. Utilizing optogenetic technology has facilitated the dissection of neural circuits involved in epileptic seizures within brain regions such as the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus. It has also helped identify potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy-related complications, including cognitive impairment, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and mood disorders.However, in the process of advancing from basic research to clinical treatment, its translational path is profoundly influenced by factors such as stimulation modes (the choice between open-loop and closed-loop systems), key parameters (light frequency), and intervention strategies (unilateral or bilateral target selection). The individualized customization of these factors represents the future direction for overcoming current translational bottlenecks and achieving precise treatment.

Research shows that epileptic seizures are essentially due to abnormal functions of neural circuits. Optogenetics regulates neural circuits by specifically expressing light-sensitive proteins in target neurons, which has now become an important tool in the research of temporal lobe epilepsy. Studies have shown that optogenetics focuses on brain regions such as the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia in studying temporal lobe epilepsy. This article reviews the research progress of optogenetics in exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of temporal lobe epilepsy, aiming to provide new ideas for temporal lobe epilepsy treatment.

To detect the levels of miR-146a and miR-155 in different samples from chronic hepatitis B (CHB), reveal whether there is a correlation between the 2 miRNAs in different samples, and to provide a theoretical basis for sample choice of miRNA research in liver.
 Methods: Real-time PCR was conducted to examine the expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in the plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), and liver tissues from 41 CHB patients who underwent nucleoside analogues antiviral therapy for 104 weeks. Correlations between the levels of miR-146a and miR-155 among the 3 samples were analyzed.
 Results: The expressions of miR-146a and miR-155 in the plasma, PBMC and liver tissues were significantly down-regulated at the 104th week than those at the baseline (all P<0.05). There was a correlation in the expression of miR-146a between plasma and liver tissues (r=0.560, P=0.007), PBMC and liver tissues (r=0.428, P=0.047) at baseline. There was a correlation in the expression of miR-155 between plasma and liver tissue (r=0.587, P=0.004), PBMC and liver tissue (r=0.483, P=0.023) at baseline. The expressions of miR-146a and miR-155 between the plasma and PBMC were not correlated (P>0.05).
 Conclusion: Compared with PBMC, miR-146a and miR-155 from plasma can better reflect the expression in the liver tissues, suggesting that plasma can be applied in the mechanism research on miR-146a and miR-155 in the liver diseases instead of liver tissues.
Hepatitis B, Chronic ; genetics ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective:To investigate expression profiles of the plasma exosomal miRNAs of the chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with persistently normal alamine aminotransferase (PNALT) for the first time and try to find exosomal miRNAs which could reflect liver inflammation better.Methods:Five CHB patients with liver tissue inflammation grade ≥A2 of PNALT and 5 CHB patients with liver tissue inflammation grade ＜A2 of PNALT were enrolled and their blood samples were collected.The exosomes were extracted from these blood samples and measured by electron microscope to determine the extraction effect.The exosomal miRNAs were extracted and sent for high throughput sequencing,and the expression of exosomal miRNAs in the 2 groups of patients was analyzed.Results:Under the electron microscope,exosomes were small membranous vesicles with 30-100 nm in diameter.The peak value of particle size ranged from 10 to 100 nm.High throughput sequencing showed that there were 591 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs between the 2 groups.Compared with the control group,18 exosomal miRNAs were up-regulated and 6 exosomal miRNAs were down-regulated in PNALT patients with the liver tissue inflammation grade ≥ A2.Conclusion:Exosomal miRNAs in the CHB patients with PNALT who have the different grades of liver inflammation are differently expressed.Some of the differently expressed exosomal miRNAs are expected to be sensitive biomarkers for timely assessment of liver inflammation in the CHB patients with PNALT.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TRI FA) for detection of HBsAg based on Abbott automated chemiluminescence immunoassay(CMIA),so as to carry out this project in primary hospitals,and provide reference for individual antiviral strategy and prediction of therapeutic effect.Methods Serum of 157 patients infected with hepatitis B virus were detected with CMIA and TRIFA,specimens with HBsAg titers exceeding the detection limit were firstly diluted,then performed quantitative analysis.HBsAg levels were divided into 4 groups:≤100 IU/mL,101-1 000 IU/mL,1 001-20 000 IU/mL,and ＞ 20 000 IU/mL,quantitative correlation between two methods was analyzed.Results The linear regression equation of two methods was Y=2.323X-896.3,correlation coefficent r=0.943,P＜0.001.CMIA was as a reference,4 groups were divided for analysis,results showed that when detected specimens was at low concentration of HBsAg,TRIFA value was low compared with CMIA method,while detected specimens was at high concentration of HB sAg,CMIA value was high,two reagents had good consistency in the detection of different concentrations of HBsAg(both P＜0.05),when concentration was at 1 001-20 000 IU/mL,consistency was the best.Conclusion The accuracy of two reagents in the quantitative detection of HBsAg is similar,and the best correlation of detection value is 1 000-20 000 IU/mL.TRIFA assay has wide application for its low-cost and easy to be operated,which is especially suitable for primary hospitals.

To analyze influenza pathogen spectrum in Yunnan province during 2009-2014 years, and analyze HA and NA genes of influenza A H1N1. Analysis was made on the monitoring date of influenza cases in Yunnan province in recent 6 years, 23 strains of influenza virus of HA and NA gene was sequenced and analyzed by MEGA 5 software to construct phylogenetic tree. 4 times of influenza AH1N1 epidemic peak were monitored from 2009-2014 years in Yunnan Province, as the nucleic acid detection results of influenza A H1N1 accounted for 28.8% of the total. The sequencing result showed that HA and NA gene were divided into 3 groups, one was detected with H275Y mutation strains. Influenza A H1N1 is one of the important subtypes in Yunnan province and their genes have divided into three branches during the period of 2009-2014 years, the vast majority of influenza a H1N1 are still sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors.
China ; epidemiology ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; enzymology ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neuraminidase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathologic features of cervical adenoid basal cell carcinoma. Methods Clinical and pathological data were analyzed in 12 cases of cervical adenoid basal cell carcinoma and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results The age of 12 cases of with cervical adenoid basal cell cancer patients ranged from 36~70 years ( mean:53. 3 years) , with a medi-an age of 51. 5 years. Amongst 12 patients who contained no gross definite lesion, 5 patients (41. 7%) had the symptoms of vaginal bleeding. 8 cases of patients underwent hysterectomy, while the other four received cervical conization. Cervical intraepithelial neopla-sia ( CIN) lesions were observed in all 12 cases. The tumor cells were small and uniform, with dark oval nuclei without conspicuous nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm. Tumor infiltrated into the stroma in nests and cords. Glandular differentiation within tumor nests were seen in 12 cases, including two cases of squamous cell differentiation accompanied by partial and minor interstitial edema. Peripheral palisading cells around tumor nests were also found. The infiltrating depth of tumor ranged from 0. 5~10 mm with the average 4. 12 mm. Cancer embolis were available in 2 cases with no lymph node metastasis. 10 cases followed up for 3~78 months with no recur-rence and metastasis, but 2 cases were lost. Conclusion Adenoid basal cell carcinoma is a rare uterine cervical tumor found in post-menopausal women, which are often accompanied with CIN. This tumor has a favorable prognosis and should be clearly separated from adenoid cystic carcinoma and other tumors which also have infiltrative growth pattern.

Objective To observe and evaluate the effects of the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA) and regional cerebral perfusion(RCP) in pediatric aortic arch surgery.Methods According to different methods of CPB,70 infants less than 3-month-old with CoA or IAA were undergone corrective surgery with DHCA or RCP.The bypass time,aortic clamp time,DHCA or RCP time,ventilation time,ICU stay time and post-operative complications were recorded and compared between two groups.Results The incidence of neurological complications was significantly higher in DHCA group.The CPB time was significantly longer in the RCP group,and the RCP time was significantly longer than DHCA time.Blocking time,ventilator intubation time,ICU residence time,postoperative renal dysfunction,low cardiac output,puhnonary inflammation and hospital mortality was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion RCP is an effective cerebral protection technique.Compared with DHCA,RCP works better in sustained brain cerebral perfusion and is suitable for complex aortic arch operation in children.It has a better effort in protection of the neurological system than DHCA.