Background: Sleep is essential for maintaining the body’s internal balance, as well as psychological stability and cognitive performance. In particular, it is a fundamental process for maintaining physical and mental health by promoting axonal repair and memory consolidation. Consequently, sleep disturbances may lead not only to physiological dysfunction but also to behavioral and psychological risks. Aim: To evaluate sleep disturbances and determine selected associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals receiving treatment at the “BogdUul” sanatorium for reasons other than insomnia between December 2024 and March 2025. A total of 209 participants aged 18 years and older were randomly selected regardless of sex. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Anxiety was measured using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger–Hanin), and depression was evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Lifestyle factors that could potentially influence sleep were assessed using a structured questionnaire. A PSQI score greater than 5 indicated the presence of sleep disturbance. According to the STAI scale, scores of 0–1.4 indicated no anxiety, 1.5–1.9 mild anxiety, 2.0–2.9 moderate anxiety, 3.0–3.4 severe anxiety, and 3.5–4.0 profound anxiety. Depression based on the CES-D scale was classified as no depression (0–15), moderate depression (16–21), and severe depression (≥22). Result: The study included 209 participants aged 18–89 years, with a mean age of 49.61±17.64 years (men: 52.23±2.52; women: 48.65±1.39). Of the participants, 25.4% (n=53) were men and 74.6% (n=156) were women. Based on the PSQI results, 45.9% (n=96) had normal sleep quality, while 54.1% (n=113) had sleep disturbances. Among those with sleep disturbances, 79.6% (n=90) were women and 20.4% (n=23) were men. Psychological assessment showed that 23.4% (n=49) reported frequent exposure to stress, 70.8% (n=148) had state anxiety, 85.6% (n=179) had trait anxiety, and 23.4% (n=49) were identified as having depressive symptoms. When comparing the groups, participants with normal sleep were more likely to have no anxiety (42.7%) or only mild anxiety (37.5%). In contrast, more than 70% of those with sleep disturbances had mild (34.5%) or moderate (36.3%) anxiety, and severe anxiety (11.5%) was observed 2.6 times more frequently than in the normal sleep group. A similar trend was observed for trait anxiety. Among individuals with normal sleep, the majority had no (28.1%) or mild anxiety (46.9%), whereas moderate (41.6%) and severe (20.4%) levels were more common among those with sleep disturbances. While 85.5% of participants with normal sleep had no depression, more than 30% of those with sleep disturbances had moderate or severe depression (15.9% each). Sleep disturbance showed a moderate positive correlation with state anxiety (r=0.309; p < 0.001), trait anxiety (r=0.451; p<0.001), and depression (r=0.312; p<0.001). Weak but significant associations were also found with evening intellectual workload (Phi=0.216; χ²=9.754, p=0.002), irregular sleep patterns (Phi=0.181; χ²=6.880, p=0.009), and frequent exposure to stress (Phi=0.254; χ²=13.470, p<0.001). Risk factor analysis indicated that intellectually demanding work in the evening (OR=6.660; 95% CI: 1.501–29.546), frequent exposure to stress (OR=4.904; 95% CI: 1.973–12.189), consumption of strong tea or coffee in the evening (OR=3.288; 95% CI: 1.010–10.700), irregular sleep schedules (OR=2.096; 95% CI: 1.122–3.916), trait anxiety (OR=1.088; 95% CI: 1.041–1.137), and state anxiety (OR=1.038; 95% CI: 1.000–1.076) were associated with an increased risk of sleep disturbances. Conclusion Evening intellectual workload, frequent exposure to stress, consumption of strong tea or coffee in the evening, irregular sleep patterns, and both state and trait anxiety were identified as risk factors for sleep disturbances.

Background: This study examines the role of health status and social support in the relationship between stress, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, both in intermittent and chronic sleep disturbances. Aim: Assessing sleep disturbance, identifying some risk factors, and examining the relationship with blood glucose levels. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2024 and March 2025. Data were collected from 209 healthy adults aged over 18 years, who either experienced normal sleep patterns or sleep maintenance issues. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). State and trait anxiety, as well as depression, were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. The PSQI scale indicates sleep disturbances if the score is 5 or higher. For detecting anxiety, the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, or Spielberger-Hanin) scale is used with the following classifications: 1.4-0 no anxiety, 1.5-1.9 mild anxiety, 2.0-2.9 moderate anxiety, 3.0-3.4 severe anxiety, 3.5-4.0 very severe anxiety for detecting depression, the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) scale is used with the following classifications: below 15Results: The average age of participants was 49.61±17.64 years. According to the PSQI global score (≥5), 54.1% (n=113) reported poor sleep quality, while 45.9% (n=96) were categorized as normal sleepers. The mean PSQI score for those with sleep disturbances was 6.21±3.56, compared to 3.10±1.61 in the normal sleep group. In the sleep disturbance group (n=89), blood glucose levels were measured as 6.15±1.88 mmol/l after fasting and 6.82±2.70 mmol/l before bedtime (p=0.001). Among all subjects, 70.8% (n=147) exhibited state anxiety, 85.6% (n=179) showed trait anxiety, and 23.4% (n=49) had symptoms of depression. Sleep disturbance was significantly associated with state anxiety (OR=1.038; p=0.049) and trait anxity (OR=1.088; p=0.000). Conclusion This study demonstrates that state and trait anxiety are independent factors contributing to sleep disturbance. Additionally, the current state of anxiety is directly correlated with the fasting blood glucose lev

Background: Osteoporotic fractures remain a major concern for public health and the economy. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by reduced bone density due to genetic, hormonal, mineral, and lifestyle factors. Although often asymptomatic, its primary complication is fractures, which lead to disability and loss of work capacity, impacting individuals, families, and society. In Mongolia, no long-term study has examined bone density changes and fracture risk factors, which forms the basis of this research. Aim: To assess 10-year changes in bone density and identify risk factors for fractures. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biomedicine, MNUMS. We have re-enrolled 133 adults from Ulaanbaatar between November 2023 and January 2024, originally part of the ‘Study of some risk and pathophysiological factors of osteoporosis in the Mongolian population’ funded by the Ministry of Health and the Science and Technology Fund of Mongolia. Data collection included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density assessments using the ‘Sunlight Mini-Omni’ bone sonometer (Beammed, USA) Results: The mean age of participants was 54.4±9.6 years (N=133), with 33.1% (n=44) male and 66.9% (n=89) female. Among the participants, 51.1% had a history of bone fractures, with forearm fractures comprising 10.5% and other types of fractures accounting for 40.7%. The bone fractures was significantly higher among elderly individuals and those diagnosed with osteoporosis (p<0.05). The T-score was significantly lower in the fracture group than in the non-fracture group (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for fractures (p<0.05). Conclusion All participants’ bone density has decreased over the decade. Bone fractures are more common in elderly and people with osteoporosis. Inadequate vitamin D intake is a significant risk factor for bone fractures.

To determine whether adult people with sleep maintenance problems have significantly melatonin levels comparable normal sleepers. The research was carried out by cross sectional and case-control study. Data were collectedbetween May 2014 and September 2014. We studied 203 healthy adults over the age of 20 years who either slept normally or sleep maintenance problems. A decrease in the quality of sleep is believed to cause anxiety andworsen depression. The quality of sleep was scored using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) a questionnaire method. State and trait anxieties, and depression were scored using other questionnaire methods: the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), respectively. Serum levels of melatonin were measured in the subjects at 02am, 10am. In the research were involved 126 (62percent) women, 77 (37.9 percent) men and their meanage was 52.24±14.67. 53.7% (n=109) of all subjects were normal sleepers and 46.3% (n=94) were sleep maintenanceproblems. 9.9%(n=20) of all subjects were anxiety, 8.3% (n=17) were depression. Night: day melatonin excretory ratios were similarly in people with sleep maintenanceproblems, normal sleepers have difference.

Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life. To determine the role of health status and social support in the relationship between stresses, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance, for both intermittent and chronic sleep disturbance. The research was carried out by cross sectional and case-control study. Data were collected between May 2014 and September 2014. We studied 203 healthy adults over the age of 20 years who either slept normally or sleep maintenance problems. The quality of sleep was scored using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) a questionnaire method. State and trait anxieties, and depression were scored using other questionnaire methods: the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), respectively. All results calculated by SPSS 21.0 programs.The average age was 52.2±14.7 years in our study participants. The rate of self-reported poor sleep quality was found in 46.3% (n=94) of patients according to the PSQI global score (≥5) and53.7% (n=109) patients were normal sleepers. 16.3% (n=33) of all subjects were state anxiety, 9.9% (n=20) were trait anxiety, 8.3% (n=17) were depression. Sleep disturbance was significantly associated with an onset in the evening tea and coffee drinking (OR= 7.0, p = 0.012), majordepressive disorder (OR= 4.2, p=0.015), and stress factors (OR=2.6, p=0.009), meals before going to bed (OR=2.1, p=0.049), but daytime sleep (OR=0.5, p=0.025) is conservation impact.Our results shows, that bad living habits (evening tea, coffee, late sleep and meal habits) depress and stress factors was associated with sleep disturbance, daytime sleep is conservation impact.