Objective To investigate the key factors influencing the implementation of long-acting injection-promoting policies and propose effective improving paths.Methods Qualitative interviews were carried out for stakeholders involved in the promotion of long-acting injections,based on the consolidated framework for implementation research.Additionally,countermeasures for identified barriers were proposed based on expert recommendations for implementation changes.Results A total of 46 health administrators,healthcare workers,and patients in Beijing were interviewed.The study identified several barriers in the strength and quality of evidence,adaptability,relative advantage,complexity and cost,patient needs and resources,external collaboration,external policies and incentives,organizational structural characteristics,and self-efficacy.Conclusions From the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders,the promotion of long-acting injections has shown initial success but still faces multiple obstacles.It is recommended that efforts should be made to coordinate and adapt policies,improve and incentivize relative organizations,and continuously strengthen the advocacy and education for individuals.
Humans ; Beijing ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Health Personnel ; Health Policy ; Injections

Bisphosphonates(BP),a class of commonly used medications for treating osteoporosis and bone malignancies,significantly affect bone metabolism.When dental implants are placed in patients receiving BP,the potential impacts of BP on the formation and long-term maintenance of implant osseointegration cannot be ignored.In addition,the influence of dental implants on the occurrence of BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is garnering attention.This article explores the influences of BP on the stability of dental implants based on a review of previous animal and clinical studies,discusses the impact of dental implants on the occurrence of BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,and proposes suggestions for the dental implant treatment of patients taking BP in clinical practice.This review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the related research and clinical treatment.
Humans ; Dental Implants ; Animals ; Diphosphonates/pharmacology* ; Osseointegration/drug effects* ; Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

Objective:Multi-drug resistant bacterial infection（MRSA） complications occurring in cochlear implant recipients is rare and of serious consequence. This paper aimed to summarize the treatment experience of a patient with MRSA infection after cochlear implantation. A patient with nasopharyngeal malignant tumor after radiotherapy developed to severe sensorineural deafness. She suffered MRSA infection nine days after cochlear implantation. Since the wound failed to heal after weeks of topical and systemic sensitive antibiotic therapy, the patient underwent surgery for wound debridement. The stimulator-receiver and the electrode of the implant was removed, negative pressure wound therapy was applied, and systemic anti-infection treatment with sensitive antibiotics for weeks, the patients recovered and was discharged from hospital 69 days after infection.
Humans ; Cochlear Implantation/adverse effects* ; Female ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Staphylococcal Infections/therapy* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Cochlear Implants ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Postoperative Complications ; Middle Aged

With advances of drug design and preparation technology, the development of long-acting drugs has become an important research focus in precision medicine and chronic disease management. These drugs are designed to improve the patients' compliance and quality of life by achieving prolonged maintenance of an effective drug concentration in the body with a reduced dosing frequency. Small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acid drugs all have their own difficulties in achieving long actions, which can be especially challenging for the latter two because of their structural complexity. This review provides an overview of the strategies for designing long-acting small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acid drugs.
Humans ; Drug Design ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry* ; Nucleic Acids ; Precision Medicine ; Delayed-Action Preparations

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize a temperature-responsive multimodal motion microrobot (MMMR) using temperature and magnetic field-assisted microfluidic droplet technology to achieve targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release. METHODS: Microfluidic droplet technology was utilized to synthesize the MMMR by mixing gelatin with magnetic microparticles. The microrobot possessed a magnetic anisotropy structure to allow its navigation and targeted drug release by controlling the temperature field and magnetic field. In the experiment, the MMMR was controlled to move in a wide range along a preset path by rotating a uniform magnetic field, and the local circular motion was driven by a planar rotating gradient magnetic field of different frequencies. The MMMR was loaded with simulated drugs, which were released in response to laser heating. RESULTS: Driven by a rotating magnetic field, the MMMR achieved linear motion following a predefined path. The planar gradient rotating magnetic field controlled circular motion of the MMMR with an adjustable radius, utilizing the centrifugal force generated by rotation. The drug-loaded MMMR successfully reached the target location under magnetic guidance, where the gelatin matrix was melted using laser heating for accurate drug release, after which the remaining magnetic particles were removed using magnetic field. CONCLUSIONS The MMMR possesses multimodal motion capabilities to enable precise navigation along a predefined path and dynamic regulation of drug release within the target area, thus having great potential for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Drug Delivery Systems/methods* ; Temperature ; Drug Liberation ; Magnetic Fields ; Robotics ; Gelatin/chemistry* ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Microfluidics ; Motion

Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (nDDSs) present significant opportunities for improving disease treatment, offering advantages in drug encapsulation, solubilization, stability enhancement, and optimized pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. nDDSs, comprising lipid, polymeric, protein, and inorganic nanovehicles, can be guided by or respond to biological cues for precise disease treatment and management. Equipping nanocarriers with tissue/cell-targeted ligands enables effective navigation in complex environments, while functionalization with stimuli-responsive moieties facilitates site-specific controlled release. These strategies enhance drug delivery efficiency, augment therapeutic efficacy, and reduce side effects. This article reviews recent strategies and ongoing advancements in nDDSs for targeted drug delivery and controlled release, examining lesion-targeted nanomedicines through surface modification with small molecules, peptides, antibodies, carbohydrates, or cell membranes, and controlled-release nanocarriers responding to endogenous signals such as pH, redox conditions, enzymes, or external triggers like light, temperature, and magnetism. The article also discusses perspectives on future developments.
Humans ; Drug Carriers/chemistry* ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods* ; Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry* ; Nanoparticles/chemistry* ; Animals ; Drug Liberation ; Nanomedicine

Vascular stents are an essential tool in cardiovascular interventional therapy, and their demand is growing with the increasing incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Compared with permanent stents, which are prone to in-stent restenosis, and drug-eluting stents, which may cause late stent thrombosis, biodegradable stents offer advantages. After providing early radial support to prevent elastic recoil, biodegradable stents gradually degrade, allowing the vessel to regain its natural physiological contractility and undergo positive remodeling. A review of the current mainstream biodegradable metal stents, magnesium-based, iron-based, and zinc-based alloys, shows promising findings in both preclinical and clinical research. Magnesium-based stents exhibit good operability and low thrombosis rates, but their limitations include rapid degradation, hydrogen evolution, and significant pH changes in the microenvironment. Iron-based stents demonstrate excellent mechanical strength, formability, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility, but their slow corrosion rate hampers broader clinical application; accelerating degradation remains key. Zinc-based alloys have a moderate degradation rate but relatively low mechanical strength; enhancing stent strength by alloying with other elements is the main improvement direction for zinc-based stents.
Humans ; Absorbable Implants ; Stents ; Alloys/chemistry* ; Magnesium/chemistry* ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Zinc/chemistry* ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Iron/chemistry* ; Metals/chemistry*

In order to elucidate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets on knee osteoarthritis, this study created a knee osteoarthritis model using 0.2 mL 40 g·L~(-1) papain and randomly divided the rats into the model group, high-dose and low-dose groups of Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets, and celecoxib group. All groups were given the drug for four weeks, with the diameter of their knee joint being measured during this period. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Senna solid green staining were utilized to observe the pathology of knee joint tissue in SD rats. The initial therapeutic impact of Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets on knee osteoarthritis in rats was assessed by monitoring the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the plasma. Using a combination of non-targeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA techniques, researchers determined the variations in endogenous molecules and intestinal flora in rats and identified potential biomarkers. The results showed that Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets improved the diameter of knee joint swelling, ameliorated the pathological damage of cartilage tissue, and reduced the plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in rats with knee osteoarthritis. Metabolomics analysis identified 22 potential biomarkers associated with the modulatory effects of Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, corticosterone, methylmalonic acid, and other biomarkers, which were mainly involved in eight metabolic pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, vitamin K metabolism, steroid synthesis, and so on. The results of intestinal flora showed a decrease in the diversity of intestinal flora in the model group, an increase in the diversity of intestinal flora, and an improvement in the microecology of intestinal flora. Significant differences were found in Lachnospiraceae＿NK4A136＿group, Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Parabacteroides. Finally, the results of the combined analysis showed that 22 biomarkers were correlated with five genera. The above results indicate that Zhengqing Fengtongning Sustained-release Tablets can improve the tissue morphology and structure of knee joints, reduce the level of plasma inflammatory factors, regulate the diversity of intestinal flora, and balance the metabolic pathways of steroid synthesis, vitamin K metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism to exert a therapeutic effect on knee osteoarthritis.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/genetics* ; Metabolomics ; Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage* ; Male ; Tablets ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta/blood* ; Interleukin-6/blood*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the immediate analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) combined with diclofenac sodium on acute gouty arthritis (AGA). METHODS: A total of 90 patients with AGA were randomly divided into a low-dose medication (LM) group (30 cases, 1 case was eliminated, 1 case dropped off), a conventional medication (CM) group (30 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a combination of acupuncture and medication (AM) group (30 cases ). The LM group was given oral administration of 50 mg diclofenac sodium sustained-release capsule; the CM group was given oral administration of 100 mg diclofenac sodium sustained-release capsule; on the basis of the treatment of LM group, the AM group was treated with electroacupuncture at ashi points, Dadu (SP 2), Taichong (LR 3), Taibai (SP 3), Neiting (ST 44), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Zusanli (ST 36) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) on the affected side, and Taichong (LR 3) and Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) were connected to electroacupuncture respectively, continuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of pain before treatment and after 10 min, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h of treatment completion, joint tenderness and swelling scores before treatment and after 10 min and 6 h of treatment completion were compared, and the rate of diclofenac sodium addition within 24 h after treatment completion was recorded among the three groups. RESULTS: After 10 min of treatment completion, the scores of VAS, joint tenderness and joint swelling in the AM group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the VAS score in the AM group was lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). After 2, 4 and 6 h of treatment completion, the VAS scores of the three groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the scores in the AM group were lower than those in the LM group (P<0.05). After 6 h of treatment completion, the joint tenderness scores of the three groups and the joint swelling scores of the AM group and the CM group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the joint tenderness and swelling scores of the AM group were lower than those of the LM group (P<0.05). The rate of diclofenac sodium addition was 3.3 % (1/30) and 3.4 % (1/29) in the AM group and the CM group, respectively, which were lower than 17.9% (5/28) in the LM group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture combined with diclofenac sodium have a good immediate analgesic effect in the treatment of AGA, and have the advantages of small dosage of analgesic drugs and less adverse reactions.
Humans ; Diclofenac ; Electroacupuncture ; Arthritis, Gouty/drug therapy* ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Arthralgia

The application of intraocular drug delivery is usually limited due to special anatomical and physiological barriers, and the elimination mechanisms in the eye. Organic nano-drug delivery carriers exhibit excellent adhesion, permeability, targeted modification and controlled release abilities to overcome the obstacles and improve the efficiency of drug delivery and bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles can entrap the active components in the lipid structure to improve the stability of drugs and reduce the production cost. Liposomes can transport hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules, including small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Compared with linear macromolecules, dendrimers have a regular structure and well-defined molecular mass and size, which can precisely control the molecular shape and functional groups. Degradable polymer materials endow nano-delivery systems a variety of size, potential, morphology and other characteristics, which enable controlled release of drugs and are easy to modify with a variety of ligands and functional molecules. Organic biomimetic nanocarriers are highly optimized through evolution of natural particles, showing better biocompatibility and lower toxicity. In this article, we summarize the advantages of organic nanocarriers in overcoming multiple barriers and improving the bioavailability of drugs, and highlight the latest research progresses on the application of organic nanocarriers for treatment of ocular diseases.
Drug Carriers ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Nanoparticles/chemistry*