ObjectiveTo genotype the specimens from hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province in 2023 by gene sequencing, and to analyze the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4), CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), so as to clarify the serotypes of enteroviruses causing endemic HFMD and the genotype composition of CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EV-A71 prevalent in HFMD, and to provide baseline genotype data for monitoring the dynamic changes of the five virus genotypes. MethodsStool specimens from HFMD cases in Dehong Prefecture in 2023 that tested positive for EV-A71, CVA16 and other enteroviruses by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were first subjected to gene sequencing and typing of the VP4/VP2 junction region to determine the viral types. Subsequently, the complete VP1 gene of each virus was amplified in two segments using group-specific VP1 gene primers corresponding to enterovirus groups (i.e., enterovirus group A, B, and C) and sequenced (group A virus: primers 486/488 and 487/489, group B virus: primers 490/492 and 491/493, group C virus: primers 494/496 and 495/497). The representative reference sequences of VP1 genes for CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EV-A71 were downloaded from the literature, and the VP1 gene phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0 software for genetic characterization. ResultsA total of 256 stool specimens were collected from HFMD cases in Dehong Prefecture in 2023, of which 94 tested positive for nucleic acid by RT-qPCR, yielding a positive rate of 36.72%. Of the 94 positive specimens, 83 were identified as group A viruses, and were classified into 5 serotypes (17 strains of CVA4, 3 of CVA6, 6 of CVA10, 49 of CVA16, and 8 of EV-A71). Nine strains were group B viruses, comprising 2 serotypes: 2 strains of echovirus type 3 (E3) and 7 strains of Coxsackievirus B type 5 (CVB5). The remaining 2 strains were group C viruses, both identified as poliovirus type 3 (PV3). Genetic analyses of the VP1 region showed that all 17 CVA4 strains were identified as subgenotype C2, all 3 CVA6 strains as subgenotype D3a, all 6 CVA10 strains as genotype C. Among the 49 CVA16 strains, 46 were identified as subgenotype B1a and 3 as subgenotype B1b, and all 8 EV-A71 strains were identified as subgenotype C4a. ConclusionIn 2023, group A viruses dominated the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Dehong Prefecture. Among them, CVA16 had the highest positivity rate. Genetic characteristic analyses showed that CVA4, CVA6, CVA10 and EV-A71 were each composed of a single genotype (subgenotype), while CVA16 was composed of two subgenotypes (B1a and B1b), with B1a being the predominant one. It is recommended that molecular epidemiological surveillance of HFMD pathogens, particularly group A viruses, be continuously strengthened in Dehong Prefecture.

Objective To study the action of Sijunzi decoction preventing disuse atrophy and its mechanism on the pathway of muscle stem cell(MuSC)/myonuclear domain(MND)based on the theory of sedentary behavior damaging muscle.Methods 40 male rats were randomly divided into the normal group,tail hanging group(model group),tail hanging+exercise group(exercise group),tail hanging+distilled water group(DW group),tail hanging+sijunzi decoction(Chinese medicine(CM)group);grip strength of limbs was measured by Grip Strength Meter for rats and mice;the wet weight of quadriceps femoris(QF)was measured by electronic scales;concentrations of actin and myosin were detected by ELISA;the cross section area(CSA)and myonuclear numbers were detected with Image Pro 6.0,and then MNDs were calculated;the expressions of pair box gene 7(Pax7)and myogenic differentiation antigen(MyoD)were detected by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with those in the normal group,grip strength,QF wet weight,the myosin concentration,the CSA and MND in the model and DW groups were all decreased,the numbers of Pax7 were increased significantly;compared with those in the model and distilled water groups,grip strength,QF wet weight,the myosin level,CSA and myonuclear numbers in the exercise group and CM groups were increased,and the numbers of Pax7 and MyoD positive cells were increased,markedly,however the number of Pax7 positive cells in the exercise group was more than that in the CM group significantly.Conclusion Sijunzi decoction can prevent disuse atrophy and its possible mechanism is related to the activation the MuSC/MND pathway.

Objective To study the action of Sijunzi decoction preventing disuse atrophy and its mechanism on the pathway of muscle stem cell(MuSC)/myonuclear domain(MND)based on the theory of sedentary behavior damaging muscle.Methods 40 male rats were randomly divided into the normal group,tail hanging group(model group),tail hanging+exercise group(exercise group),tail hanging+distilled water group(DW group),tail hanging+sijunzi decoction(Chinese medicine(CM)group);grip strength of limbs was measured by Grip Strength Meter for rats and mice;the wet weight of quadriceps femoris(QF)was measured by electronic scales;concentrations of actin and myosin were detected by ELISA;the cross section area(CSA)and myonuclear numbers were detected with Image Pro 6.0,and then MNDs were calculated;the expressions of pair box gene 7(Pax7)and myogenic differentiation antigen(MyoD)were detected by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with those in the normal group,grip strength,QF wet weight,the myosin concentration,the CSA and MND in the model and DW groups were all decreased,the numbers of Pax7 were increased significantly;compared with those in the model and distilled water groups,grip strength,QF wet weight,the myosin level,CSA and myonuclear numbers in the exercise group and CM groups were increased,and the numbers of Pax7 and MyoD positive cells were increased,markedly,however the number of Pax7 positive cells in the exercise group was more than that in the CM group significantly.Conclusion Sijunzi decoction can prevent disuse atrophy and its possible mechanism is related to the activation the MuSC/MND pathway.

Objective:To investigate the dose characteristics of the Zeiss INTRABEAM system in air and water, providing dose reference for electronic brachytherapy.Methods:A Monte Carlo program was used to establish a three-dimensional model of a miniature X-ray source vacuum drift tube and a 4 cm spherical applicator. The process of electron beam bombardment on a gold target to generate X-rays was simulated, and parameters such as photon fluence spectrum, percentage depth dose, and half-value layer were calculated. Additionally, the radial dose uniformity in water was measured.Results:The average energy of X-rays at 3 cm in air was 20.8 keV, with a half-value layer of 0.08 mm Al. Under the influence of the applicator, the spectrum becomes hardened, with axial and radial average energies of 28.7 and 29.0 keV, respectively. In water, the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve follows an inverse cubic decay with depth, indicating strong dose concentration and rapid fall-off in near-field irradiation. The radial dose uniformity in water exceeded 99.5%.Conclusions:The INTRABEAM device emits low-energy X-rays characterized by shallow penetration depth, and concentrated dose delivery. Its highly uniform dose distribution ensures comprehensive coverage of the target area, making it particularly suitable for treating superficial tumors and for intraoperative radiotherapy at close range.

Taking the theory of zang-qiao （脏窍， viscera and orifices） as the framework， this paper elaborates on the connotation and expression of the holistic concept of zang-qiao. It expounds the concept from two dimensions， which are "integration of viscera and orifices" and "integration of the seven orifices"， and explains the diagnostic and therapeutic approach characterized by "inferring the condition of the viscera through the orifices and conducting comprehensive diagnosis" in the context of ear， nose， pharynx and larynx diseases. Moreover， it explores specific therapeutic strategies for orifice-related diseases in otorhinolaryngology， including treatment of the orifices via viscera， simultaneous treatment of viscera and orifices， and external therapies targeting the orifices， which provides a multidimensional thinking model and practical path for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND:Developmental dysplasia of the hip often leads to limb deformities in children,and the research related to its diagnosis and treatment has been gradually clarified.Recently,the finite element method has been paid attention to by scholars in the research related to developmental dysplasia of the hip because of its advantages. OBJECTIVE:Through literature search and review of the relevant research progress of finite element method in children's developmental dysplasia of the hip and treatment,analyze and summarize its advantages and disadvantages,and explore the direction of further research in the future. METHODS:PubMed,SCI,CBM,and CNKI were searched for relevant articles published from January 2014 to November 2023 with the key words of"developmental dysplasia(dislocation)of the hip,dysplasia of the hip,finite element analysis(method),pavlik harness,fixation in herringbone position,biomechanics,pelvic osteotomies,pemberton,salter,dega,periacetabular osteotomy,children"in Chinese and English.A small number of long-term articles were included,and 62 articles were finally included for analysis through screening. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The mechanical environment of hip joint in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip was abnormal.The pressure in acetabulum was uneven.The stress increased and concentrated;the joint contact area decreased,and the local stress concentrated in femoral neck.(2)In the Pavlik sling and herringbone fixation,the mechanical environment of the hip was improved;the concentrated high stress area disappeared and the joint contact area increased,but the excessive abduction angle led to the increase of stress in the acetabulum and the lateral femoral head.(3)After pelvic osteotomy,the stress environment of hip joint and sacroiliac joint was improved.There was no single hinge in the three kinds of osteotomy,and the stress load position was different according to the age of the children.(4)After peri-acetabular osteotomy,the joint contact pressure was close to normal,but it was difficult to recover in patients with non-spherical femoral head.(5)The postoperative X-ray film findings could not show that the joint contact mechanics was the best.(6)It is indicated that the information that cannot be measured in the body can be obtained by using the finite element method,which can be operated in a virtual environment without the limitation of time and ethics.It can directly see the stress change area of normal and developmental dysplasia of the hip,explain the effectiveness of treatment from the point of view of mechanics,establish a specific finite element model and tailor-made operation plan for patients who need osteotomy.There is no standard or unified standard for the finite element modeling of developmental dysplasia of the hip and the material characteristic parameters of children's hip joint.Due to the inherent limitations of finite element method,it is impossible to analyze the model that contains bone,cartilage,ligament,muscle and other elements at the same time.The operation of finite element analysis is difficult,although it has advantages,it is not universal,and the current research sample size is small,which needs to be further expanded and verified.

Objective:To investigate the dose characteristics of the Zeiss INTRABEAM system in air and water, providing dose reference for electronic brachytherapy.Methods:A Monte Carlo program was used to establish a three-dimensional model of a miniature X-ray source vacuum drift tube and a 4 cm spherical applicator. The process of electron beam bombardment on a gold target to generate X-rays was simulated, and parameters such as photon fluence spectrum, percentage depth dose, and half-value layer were calculated. Additionally, the radial dose uniformity in water was measured.Results:The average energy of X-rays at 3 cm in air was 20.8 keV, with a half-value layer of 0.08 mm Al. Under the influence of the applicator, the spectrum becomes hardened, with axial and radial average energies of 28.7 and 29.0 keV, respectively. In water, the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve follows an inverse cubic decay with depth, indicating strong dose concentration and rapid fall-off in near-field irradiation. The radial dose uniformity in water exceeded 99.5%.Conclusions:The INTRABEAM device emits low-energy X-rays characterized by shallow penetration depth, and concentrated dose delivery. Its highly uniform dose distribution ensures comprehensive coverage of the target area, making it particularly suitable for treating superficial tumors and for intraoperative radiotherapy at close range.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the gene carrier rate and genotype distribution characteristics of thalassemia in the population of Kunming, and compare the differences of red blood cell (RBC) parameters between β⁺ heterozygous carriers, β⁰ heterozygous carriers and healthy population, as well as between different sexes of adults aged 18-45 years. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 3 195 cases of thalassemia gene screened in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2022 was performed to detect 21 mutations of β-globin genes which was common in Chinese people using fluorescence PCR melting curve method. Patients with single heterozygous carrying β-thalassemia gene were divided into β⁺ heterozygote group and β⁰ heterozygote group, while the control group consisted of 219 healthy individuals. Four indices, including RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were collected from all β heterozygous carriers and 219 healthy people, and compared between β⁺ heterozygote group, β⁰ heterozygote group and control group, as well as between β⁺ heterozygous carriers, β⁰ heterozygous carriers and healthy population of different sexes aged 18-45 years. RESULTS: There were 688 cases confirmed thalassemia gene carriers, accounting for 21.53%. Among them, 322 cases were found to have β-globin gene mutations, including 145 cases of β⁺ heterozygote, 151 cases of β⁰ heterozygote, and 14 cases of β⁺ homozygotes as well as β⁺ and β⁰ dual heterozygotes. Additionally, 12 cases were found to have simultaneous mutation or deletion of β-globin and α-globin. The carrier rate of CD26 G>A mutation in β⁺ thalassemia was the highest, accounting for 57.9%, while in β⁰ thalassemia CD17 A>T was the highest, accounting for 46.4%. The erythrocyte parameters of 296 β heterozygous mutation carriers were compared with the normal reference interval, and it was found that 218 cases with RBC value greater than the highest value of reference interval, while 105, 281, and 269 cases with Hb, MCV, and MCH value less than the lowest value of reference interval, respectively. There were significant differences in the 4 erythrocyte parameters between β⁺ heterozygotes, β⁰ heterozygotes and healthy individuals (all P < 0.001), and further comparison between different sexes also showed significant differences (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The carrier rates of thalassemia gene and β-thalassemia heterozygote are both at high level in Kunming, and there are significant differences in the erythrocyte parameters between β⁺ heterozygous carriers, β⁰ heterozygous carriers and healthy individuals. When genetic counseling, it is necessary to inform and strengthen screening among adults of marriageable age to prevent birth of children with severe thalassemia.
Humans ; beta-Thalassemia/blood* ; Adult ; Heterozygote ; Male ; Female ; beta-Globins/genetics* ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Adolescent ; Genotype ; Erythrocytes ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Young Adult ; China ; Genetic Testing ; Asian People/genetics*

cGAS-STING signaling pathway is a key signaling molecule of innate immune response in vivo,which can recognize exogenous and endogenous dsDNA abnormalities in cytoplasm and promote the release of immune mediators such as interferon(IFN)-1,thus leading to immune response in the body.Recent studies have suggested that the disturbance of cGAS-STING signal is an important factor in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer,which can promote tumor growth and metastasis.cGAS-STING signaling is also related to intestinal immune response,and the use of this signaling pathway helps to provide a new target for colorectal cancer immunotherapy.This article reviewed the role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer and the latest research progress,the application of cGAS-STING signaling pathway modulators and their combined therapy in colorectal cancer,and forecast the future research direction of this signaling pathway in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Objective:To test a new method with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) to determine the β-ray and γ-ray doses of β-γ mixed radiation fields.Methods:TLDs for personal dose monitoring were irradiated in the reference radiation fields of β-rays ( 90Sr/ 90Y, 85Kr) and γ-rays ( 137Cs). Across the range of 2.0-15.0 mSv, the linearity of TLD response and normalized response with respect to 137Cs were determined at the depths of Hp(10) and Hp(0.07). Using TLD detector readings at the depths of Hp(10) and Hp(0.07), β- and γ-ray doses in the mixed radiation fields were determined, and the result were verified. Results:For Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) under γ-ray exposure and Hp(0.07) under β-ray exposure, the coefficient of determination ( R2) were all >0.998. For the 90Sr/ 90Y source and 85Kr source, the average values of response values normalized with respect to 137Cs at different doses were 1.14 and 0.18, respectively; and the normalized response values derived from the slope values of the dose-response curves for the two sources were 1.17 and 0.18, respectively. The ratios of measurements of Hp(10) to Hp(0.07), kR, for the 85Kr source were close to 0, while the kR values for the 137Cs source were close to 1. Using the average value of kR and the slope value of kR for calculation, the maximum relative deviations between the calculated values and conventional values for Hp(10) γ, Hp(0.07) γ, and Hp(0.07) β were 6.1% and 6.0%, respectively. Conclusions:This method can be applied for the assessment of β-ray and γ-ray doses in β-γ mixed radiation fields of a single β source and single γ source.