Objective To investigate the relationship between serum F2-isoprostaglandin(F2IP),homocysteine(Hcy),cytoplasmic phospholipase A2(cPLA2)and male erectile dysfunction.Methods A total of 198 patients with erectile dysfunction who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2020 to April 2025 were selected as the case group.Meanwhile,198 physical examinees with normal reproductive and sexual functions who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,sex hormones,and the score of the international index of erectile function(IIEF)were measured and recorded in the two groups.Subsequently,the diagnostic value of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 for male erectile dysfunction was analyzed.Based on the IIEF score,the patients with erectile dysfunction were classified into the severe group(45 cases),the moderate group(88 cases),and the mild group(65 cases).The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,and sex hormones were compared among the three groups,and the correlation between the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,sex hormones,and the IIEF score in patients with erectile dysfunction was analyzed.Results The levels of serum F2-isoprostane(F2IP),homocysteine(Hcy),cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),and luteinizing hormone(LH)in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while the serum testosterone level and International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF)score were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of the combined detection of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction was higher than that of each biomarker alone(P<0.05),with the sensitivity and specificity being 88.38%and 84.34%,respectively.In the mild,moderate,and severe groups,the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,FSH,and LH exhibited an increasing trend,whereas the serum testosterone level showed a decreasing trend(P<0.05).The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 in patients with erectile dysfunction were negatively correlated with the serum testosterone level and IIEF score(r=-0.573,-0.618,-0.549,-0.516,-0.553,-0.581;P<0.05)and positively correlated with the levels of serum FSH and LH(r=0.571,0.650,0.650,0.511,0.648,0.547;P<0.05).Conclusions The occurrence of erectile dysfunction can lead to an increase in the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2,as well as an abnormality in the levels of serum sex hormones.Moreover,the combination of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 can enhance the diagnostic value of erectile dysfunction.Meanwhile,there is a significant correlation between the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2,the levels of serum sex hormones,and the severity of the disease.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum F2-isoprostaglandin(F2IP),homocysteine(Hcy),cytoplasmic phospholipase A2(cPLA2)and male erectile dysfunction.Methods A total of 198 patients with erectile dysfunction who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2020 to April 2025 were selected as the case group.Meanwhile,198 physical examinees with normal reproductive and sexual functions who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,sex hormones,and the score of the international index of erectile function(IIEF)were measured and recorded in the two groups.Subsequently,the diagnostic value of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 for male erectile dysfunction was analyzed.Based on the IIEF score,the patients with erectile dysfunction were classified into the severe group(45 cases),the moderate group(88 cases),and the mild group(65 cases).The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,and sex hormones were compared among the three groups,and the correlation between the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,sex hormones,and the IIEF score in patients with erectile dysfunction was analyzed.Results The levels of serum F2-isoprostane(F2IP),homocysteine(Hcy),cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),and luteinizing hormone(LH)in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while the serum testosterone level and International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF)score were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of the combined detection of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction was higher than that of each biomarker alone(P<0.05),with the sensitivity and specificity being 88.38%and 84.34%,respectively.In the mild,moderate,and severe groups,the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,cPLA2,FSH,and LH exhibited an increasing trend,whereas the serum testosterone level showed a decreasing trend(P<0.05).The levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 in patients with erectile dysfunction were negatively correlated with the serum testosterone level and IIEF score(r=-0.573,-0.618,-0.549,-0.516,-0.553,-0.581;P<0.05)and positively correlated with the levels of serum FSH and LH(r=0.571,0.650,0.650,0.511,0.648,0.547;P<0.05).Conclusions The occurrence of erectile dysfunction can lead to an increase in the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2,as well as an abnormality in the levels of serum sex hormones.Moreover,the combination of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2 can enhance the diagnostic value of erectile dysfunction.Meanwhile,there is a significant correlation between the levels of serum F2IP,Hcy,and cPLA2,the levels of serum sex hormones,and the severity of the disease.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Many studies have confirmed that programmed cell death (PCD) can affect the occurrence and development of PCOS, and regulating PCD may be the key to prevent and treat PCOS. Recent researches have revealed many non-coding RNA (ncRNA) related to epigenetics, including microRNA, long ncRNA, and circular RNA. Although these ncRNA do not directly serve as carriers of genetic information, they can activate various cellular response mechanisms by regulating the expression of related proteins and genes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, thereby affecting granulosa cell development, disrupting endocrine homeostasis, participating in the pathological process of PCOS, and influencing its prognosis. This paper discusses the pathogenesis of PCOS through the regulation of PCD by ncRNA, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Many studies have confirmed that programmed cell death (PCD) can affect the occurrence and development of PCOS, and regulating PCD may be the key to prevent and treat PCOS. Recent researches have revealed many non-coding RNA (ncRNA) related to epigenetics, including microRNA, long ncRNA, and circular RNA. Although these ncRNA do not directly serve as carriers of genetic information, they can activate various cellular response mechanisms by regulating the expression of related proteins and genes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, thereby affecting granulosa cell development, disrupting endocrine homeostasis, participating in the pathological process of PCOS, and influencing its prognosis. This paper discusses the pathogenesis of PCOS through the regulation of PCD by ncRNA, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of PCOS.

Reproductive health is a basic element of human health and an important pillar of social sustainable development. Based on the 2030 sustainable development goal, a global perspective should be given to the broader relationship between human beings and the earth and the natural ecological environment. The purpose of reproductive health is not only to reduce the death rate and improve the quality and the rate of the birth, but also to promote the sustainable development of human beings, resources, and environment. This paper systematically discussed the development of reproductive health theory and the current situation of global reproductive health, in order to clarify the important status and role of reproductive health in the national health and to promote the high-quality development of maternal and child health.

Metabolism is an important physiological activity throughout the cell life cycle, and energy substrates play an important role in regulating follicle development, maintaining sperm motility, influencing preimplantation embryo development and inducing immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. Normal metabolism can promote cell growth and development, while abnormal metabolism can lead to dysfunction, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases related to female reproduction. This study provides an overview of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and protein (amino acid) metabolism in the reproductive process and their relationship with several reproductive diseases. It is expected to optimize in vitro maturation of oocytes by regulating the energy metabolism, and provide new approaches for the study of energy metabolism at the maternal-fetal interface of embryo implantation and the diagnosis and treatment of infertility.

Reproductive health is a basic element of human health and an important pillar of social sustainable development. Based on the 2030 sustainable development goal, a global perspective should be given to the broader relationship between human beings and the earth and the natural ecological environment. The purpose of reproductive health is not only to reduce the death rate and improve the quality and the rate of the birth, but also to promote the sustainable development of human beings, resources, and environment. This paper systematically discussed the development of reproductive health theory and the current situation of global reproductive health, in order to clarify the important status and role of reproductive health in the national health and to promote the high-quality development of maternal and child health.

Metabolism is an important physiological activity throughout the cell life cycle, and energy substrates play an important role in regulating follicle development, maintaining sperm motility, influencing preimplantation embryo development and inducing immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. Normal metabolism can promote cell growth and development, while abnormal metabolism can lead to dysfunction, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases related to female reproduction. This study provides an overview of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and protein (amino acid) metabolism in the reproductive process and their relationship with several reproductive diseases. It is expected to optimize in vitro maturation of oocytes by regulating the energy metabolism, and provide new approaches for the study of energy metabolism at the maternal-fetal interface of embryo implantation and the diagnosis and treatment of infertility.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is the key endocrine hormone regulating the gonadal function of both sexes.FSH stimulates male testicular Sertoli differentiation,promotes testicular development,and mitosis of spermatogonia.FSH maintains adult Sertoli cell metabolism and plays an important role in spermatogenesis,germ cell survival and male fertility.FSH and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene mutation or gene polymorphism may affect the role of FSH on target organs.This article reviews the relationship between FSH and FSHR and male reproductive relationship.