The scientific research and innovation capabilities of medical students are intrinsically linked to the sustained and high-quality development of national healthcare initiatives.Cultivating outstanding medi-cal students with independent scientific capabilities and innovative consciousness is a critical component in the education and training of high-level medical professionals.Our investigation revealed that within the imperfections of the cultivating model,some faculty and students at medical schools have an insufficient understanding of scientific research and innovation and lack motivation for engaging in such activities,which hinder the progression of scientific research activities.Consequently,we initiated a teaching practice and exploratory study on the"tutorial system"aimed at fostering medical students'scientific research and innovation abilities.Based on the principle of"research informing teaching,teaching and research advan-cing together,"this study implements a"tutorial system"coordinated by tutors,supplemented by graduate and undergraduate student mentors,to cultivate innovative thinking,stimulate interest in scientific re-search,and enhance practical and research skills among medical students.Through collaborative efforts within"scientific research innovation teams,"various educational methods—including preliminary re-search,in-class and extracurricular activities,intra-group and inter-group interactions,and theoretical and practical applications—are employed to improve and strengthen the cultivation of medical students'scientif-ic research and innovation abilities.This study aims to provide valuable references for optimizing medical education management systems and enhancing the quality of medical student training.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of postpartum depression(PPD).Methods The PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Database,VIP Journals of Chinese Scienc were searched,and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System(SinoMed)database until November 2023.Screen randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of antidepressant drugs for the treatment of PPD.The treatment group was given antidepressant drugs,and the control group was given placebo or another antidepressant drug.Meta-analysis of effectiveness and acceptability is performed using Stata 17.0 software.Results A total of 27 RCTs with a total of 2 202 patients were included.The results of meta-analysis showed:The top three efficacy relative to placebo were mirtazapine[odds ratio(OR)=2.25,95％confidence interval(CI)=(1.20-3.30),P＜0.05],nortriptyline[OR=1.50,95％CI=(0.55-2.44),P＞0.05],venlafaxine[OR=1.35,95％CI=(0.13-2.56),P＞0.05].Acceptability is compared with placebo in the top three Chinese herbal medicine[OR=0.47,95％CI=(-0.72-1.66),P＞0.05],nortriptyline[OR=-0.08,95％CI=(-1.16-1.33),P＞0.05],venlafaxine[OR=-0.12,95％CI=(-1.47-1.24),P＞0.05].Conclusion Nortriptyline,venlafaxine,trazodone,and duloxetine are effective in treating PPD without obvious adverse drug reactions.

Mycoplasmatota is a large class of special wall-less prokaryotic microorganisms,which is widely distributed in nature.Among them,Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other important pathogens are harmful to human health.The classification and naming history of Mycoplasmatota are very complex,which leaded to the fact that a species often has multiple homotypic and heterotypic synonyms.At the same time,due to the lack of a unified Chinese translation principle,one name has different translations.Moreover,most of Mycoplasmatota species lack of Chinese translated names and there is a situation of mixing Chinese and English.In 2018,based on whole genome analysis,the taxonomy of Mycoplasmatota underwent significant chan-ges.In order to standardize the Chinese translation of Mycoplasmatota names and end the confusion,and enable the researchers and clinical workers engaged in Mycoplasmatota prevention and treatment to track changes and use the names of Mycoplasma-tota,Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University;National Institute for Communicable Disease Control,Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention;Committee of Zoonoses Etiology,Chinese Society for Microbiology and Society of Biodiagnostic Technology,China Medical Biotechnology Association organized experts in this field to conduct literature research and expert discussions,and formed this consensus on the systematic Chinese translation principle and Chinese translation names for all existing levels in Mycoplasmatota.

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer(TOF-SIMS)is a highly sensitive surface analysis instrument with high spatial resolution.Traditional TOF-SIMS instruments for sample targets use high field extraction methods.Although the ion collection efficiency is high,it is prone to issues such as low-energy ion beam defocusing,sample morphology sensitivity,and organic molecule ion dissociation.This study aimed to develope an efficient low-field ion extraction system suitable for TOF-SIMS with a continuous beam source.The SIMION simulation software was used to construct a model of the secondary ion optical extraction system.The key factors affecting the extraction efficiency were studied,and the structural parameters of the extraction cone were optimized.Using an indium target as the sample,an experimental test of the performance of the ion extraction system was carried out on the TOF-SIMS instrument.The influences of the voltages of the ion extraction cone and the single lens on the ion extraction efficiency were consistent with the simulation results.By adopting the technology of deflection and coaxial dynamic compensation,the imaging field of view of the ion extraction system was increased to 500 μm×500 μm.The energy window of the ion extraction system reached 10 eV,and the large imaging depth of field of 400 μm was achieved.In the test of a 5 mg/L cholesterol thin film sample,the signal-to-noise ratio of the characteristic peak[M-OH]+reached 4453.The results showed that this low-field secondary ion extraction system effectively improved the performance of the continuous beam TOF-SIMS instrument.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of postpartum depression(PPD).Methods The PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Database,VIP Journals of Chinese Scienc were searched,and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System(SinoMed)database until November 2023.Screen randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of antidepressant drugs for the treatment of PPD.The treatment group was given antidepressant drugs,and the control group was given placebo or another antidepressant drug.Meta-analysis of effectiveness and acceptability is performed using Stata 17.0 software.Results A total of 27 RCTs with a total of 2 202 patients were included.The results of meta-analysis showed:The top three efficacy relative to placebo were mirtazapine[odds ratio(OR)=2.25,95％confidence interval(CI)=(1.20-3.30),P＜0.05],nortriptyline[OR=1.50,95％CI=(0.55-2.44),P＞0.05],venlafaxine[OR=1.35,95％CI=(0.13-2.56),P＞0.05].Acceptability is compared with placebo in the top three Chinese herbal medicine[OR=0.47,95％CI=(-0.72-1.66),P＞0.05],nortriptyline[OR=-0.08,95％CI=(-1.16-1.33),P＞0.05],venlafaxine[OR=-0.12,95％CI=(-1.47-1.24),P＞0.05].Conclusion Nortriptyline,venlafaxine,trazodone,and duloxetine are effective in treating PPD without obvious adverse drug reactions.

Mycoplasmatota is a large class of special wall-less prokaryotic microorganisms,which is widely distributed in nature.Among them,Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other important pathogens are harmful to human health.The classification and naming history of Mycoplasmatota are very complex,which leaded to the fact that a species often has multiple homotypic and heterotypic synonyms.At the same time,due to the lack of a unified Chinese translation principle,one name has different translations.Moreover,most of Mycoplasmatota species lack of Chinese translated names and there is a situation of mixing Chinese and English.In 2018,based on whole genome analysis,the taxonomy of Mycoplasmatota underwent significant chan-ges.In order to standardize the Chinese translation of Mycoplasmatota names and end the confusion,and enable the researchers and clinical workers engaged in Mycoplasmatota prevention and treatment to track changes and use the names of Mycoplasma-tota,Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University;National Institute for Communicable Disease Control,Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention;Committee of Zoonoses Etiology,Chinese Society for Microbiology and Society of Biodiagnostic Technology,China Medical Biotechnology Association organized experts in this field to conduct literature research and expert discussions,and formed this consensus on the systematic Chinese translation principle and Chinese translation names for all existing levels in Mycoplasmatota.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, functional impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It represents the most prevalent form of dementia among the elderly population. Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Notably, elevated levels of oxidative stress have been observed in the brains of AD patients, where excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause extensive damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, ultimately compromising neuronal structure and function. Amyloid β‑protein (Aβ) has been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload, thereby promoting the generation of ROS. This, in turn, exacerbates Aβ aggregation and enhances tau phosphorylation, leading to the formation of two pathological features of AD: extracellular Aβ plaque deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). These events ultimately culminate in neuronal death, forming a vicious cycle. The interplay between oxidative stress and these pathological processes constitutes a core link in the pathogenesis of AD. The signaling pathways mediating oxidative stress in AD include Nrf2, RCAN1, PP2A, CREB, Notch1, NF‑κB, ApoE, and ferroptosis. Nrf2 signaling pathway serves as a key regulator of cellular redox homeostasis, exerts important antioxidant capacity and protective effects in AD. RCAN1 signaling pathway, as a calcineurin inhibitor, and modulates AD progression through multiple mechanisms. PP2A signaling pathway is involved in regulating tau phosphorylation and neuroinflammation processes. CREB signaling pathway contributes to neuroplasticity and memory formation; activation of CREB improves cognitive function and reduce oxidative stress. Notch1 signaling pathway regulates neuronal development and memory, participates in modulation of Aβ production, and interacts with Nrf2 toco-regulate antioxidant activity. NF‑κB signaling pathway governs immune and inflammatory responses; sustained activation of this pathway forms “inflammatory memory”, thereby exacerbating AD pathology. ApoE signaling pathway is associated with lipid metabolism; among its isoforms, ApoE-ε4 significantly increases the risk of AD, leading to elevated oxidative stress, abnormal lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation. The ferroptosis signaling pathway is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, and the subsequent release of lipid peroxidation products and ROS exacerbate oxidative stress and neuronal damage. These interconnected pathways form a complex regulatory network that regulates the progression of AD through oxidative stress and related pathological cascades. In terms of therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress, among the drugs currently used in clinical practice for AD treatment, memantine and donepezil demonstrate significant therapeutic efficacy and can improve the level of oxidative stress in AD patients. Some compounds with antioxidant effects (such asα-lipoic acid and melatonin) have shown certain potential in AD treatment research and can be used as dietary supplements to ameliorate AD symptoms. In addition, non-drug interventions such as calorie restriction and exercise have been proven to exerted neuroprotective effects and have a positive effect on the treatment of AD. By comprehensively utilizing the therapeutic characteristics of different signaling pathways, it is expected that more comprehensive multi-target combination therapy regimens and combined nanomolecular delivery systems will be developed in the future to bypass the blood-brain barrier, providing more effective therapeutic strategies for AD.

By employing the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), the CRITIC method(a weight determination method based on indicator correlations), and the AHP-CRITIC hybrid weighting method, the weight coefficients of evaluation indicators were determined, followed by a comprehensive score comparison. The grey correlation analysis was then performed to analyze the results calculated using the hybrid weighting method. Subsequently, a backpropagation-artificial neural network(BP-ANN) model was constructed to predict the extraction process parameters and optimize the extraction process for Shenxiong Huanglian Jiedu Granules(SHJG). In the extraction process, an L_9(3~4) orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize three factors at three levels, including extraction frequency, water addition amount, and extraction time. The evaluation indicators included geniposide, berberine, ginsenoside Rg_1 + Re, ginsenoside Rb_1, ferulic acid, and extract yield. Finally, the optimal extraction results obtained by the orthogonal experiment, grey correlation analysis, and BP-ANN method were compared, and validation experiments were conducted. The results showed that the optimal extraction process involved two rounds of aqueous extraction, each lasting one hour; the first extraction used ten times the amount of added water, while the second extraction used eight times the amount. In the validation experiments, the average content of each indicator component was higher than the average content obtained in the orthogonal experiment, with a higher comprehensive score. The optimized extraction process parameters were reliable and stable, making them suitable for subsequent preparation process research.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Neural Networks, Computer

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical characteristics of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) in children and to enhance the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 6 children diagnosed with DPB who were hospitalized at The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2011 to December 2019. RESULTS: Among the 6 patients, there were 2 males and 4 females; the age at diagnosis ranged from 7 to 12 years. All patients presented with cough, sputum production, and exertional dyspnea, and all had a history of sinusitis. Two cases showed positive serum cold agglutinin tests, and 5 cases exhibited pathological changes consistent with chronic bronchiolitis. High-resolution chest CT in all patients revealed centrilobular nodules diffusely distributed throughout both lungs with a tree-in-bud appearance. Five patients received low-dose azithromycin maintenance therapy, but 3 showed inadequate treatment response. After empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment, non-tuberculous Mycobacteria were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Follow-up over 2 years showed 1 case cured, 3 cases significantly improved, and 2 cases partially improved. CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation of DPB is non-specific and can easily lead to misdiagnosis. In cases where DPB is clinically diagnosed but does not show improvement with low-dose azithromycin treatment, special infections should be considered.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Bronchiolitis/drug therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Child ; Haemophilus Infections/diagnosis*

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia in the elderly. This study aimed to evaluate urban-rural disparities in its prevalence and management in elderly Chinese. METHODS: Consecutive participants aged ≥ 65 years attending outpatient clinics were enrolled for AF screening using handheld single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from April 2017 to December 2022. Each ECG rhythm strip was reviewed from the research team. AF or uninterpretable single-lead ECGs were referred for 12-lead ECG. Primary study outcome comparison was between rural and urban areas for the prevalence of AF. The Student's t-test was used to compare mean values of clinical characteristics between rural and urban participants, while the Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare between-group proportions. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between AF and various patient characteristics. RESULTS: The 29,166 study participants included 13,253 men (45.4%) and had a mean age of 72.2 years. The 7073 rural participants differed significantly (P ≤ 0.02) from the 22,093 urban participants in several major characteristics, such as older age, greater body mass index, and so on. The overall prevalence of AF was 4.6% (n = 1347). AF was more prevalent in 7073 rural participants than 22,093 urban participants (5.6% vs. 4.3%, P < 0.01), before and after adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, pulse rate, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and prior medical history. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified overweight/obesity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17-1.54) in urban areas and cigarette smoking (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.20-2.17) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.04-1.93) in rural areas as specific risk factors for prevalent AF. In patients with known AF in urban areas (n = 781) and rural areas (n = 338), 60.6% and 45.9%, respectively, received AF treatment (P < 0.01), and only 22.4% and 17.2%, respectively, received anticoagulation therapy (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In China, there are urban-rural disparities in AF in the elderly, with a higher prevalence and worse management in rural areas than urban areas. Our study findings provide insight for health policymakers to consider urban-rural disparity in the prevention and treatment of AF.