Objective Assess and determine inactivation effect of heat,.ultraviolet (UV) light and three disinfectants against human infected H9N2 avian influenza virus in laboratory.Methods Suspension containing with 1010.67 TCID50/ml viral was exposed to 50 ℃,56 ℃,60 ℃,65 ℃ for 10 to 60 minutes and UV every 10 interval minutes from 10 to 80 minutes.The residual viruses after physical treatment were determined through half of tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) with MDCK cells and calculated by Reed-Muench method.Suspension with 1010.37EID50/ml quantitative virus was applied to equal volume of 10％ 84 sanitizer,75％ ethanol,1％ Virkon solution and incubated for 1 minute to 15 minutes respectively.The residual viral activity would be evaluated by inoculating in SPF chicken embryo.When the virus titer dropped by 4 lgTCID50/ml or virus in chicken embryo culture was observed to be negative,the physical and chemical treatment was considered effective.Results Human infected H9N2 avian influenza virus titer decreased by 4.02 lgTCID50 at 56 ℃ for 15 minutes,and after 30 minutes at 56 ℃ or 10 minutes at 60 ℃/65 ℃,the post-viral titer would decline below the detection level.20 minutes of UV irradiation would lead to a 5.67 log reduction,and after 70 minutes lighted,the virus titer fell below the detection level.Virus proliferation was not detected after 3 minutes of disinfection with 10％ 84 sanitizer,75％ ethanol and 1％ Virkon.Conclusions We should note that it is necessary to meet the specific condition to effectively inactivate the human infected H9N2 avian influenza virus.Our study provides an experimental basis for the biosafety operation of human infected H9N2 avian influenza virus.

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that seriously harms the world and public health. Because influenza viruses are prone to mutations and difficult to predict, the World Health Organization has been promoting global continuous strengthening of influenza surveillance to monitor the level of influenza activity and epidemic trends in real time. Establishing baselines and thresholds for influenza epidemic helps to gauge the start and severity of influenza seasons. At present, there are various methods for calculating baseline and threshold, such as annual median value, percentile approach, moving epidemic method, and control chart method. This paper will summarize the methods of establishing influenza baseline or threshold at home and abroad, and hope to provide reference for the establishment of baseline or threshold of influenza in China.

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that seriously harms the world and public health. Because influenza viruses are prone to mutations and difficult to predict, the World Health Organization has been promoting global continuous strengthening of influenza surveillance to monitor the level of influenza activity and epidemic trends in real time. Establishing baselines and thresholds for influenza epidemic helps to gauge the start and severity of influenza seasons. At present, there are various methods for calculating baseline and threshold, such as annual median value, percentile approach, moving epidemic method, and control chart method. This paper will summarize the methods of establishing influenza baseline or threshold at home and abroad, and hope to provide reference for the establishment of baseline or threshold of influenza in China.

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that seriously harms the world and public health. Because influenza viruses are prone to mutations and difficult to predict, the World Health Organization has been promoting global continuous strengthening of influenza surveillance to monitor the level of influenza activity and epidemic trends in real time. Establishing baselines and thresholds for influenza epidemic helps to gauge the start and severity of influenza seasons. At present, there are various methods for calculating baseline and threshold, such as annual median value, percentile approach, moving epidemic method, and control chart method. This paper will summarize the methods of establishing influenza baseline or threshold at home and abroad, and hope to provide reference for the establishment of baseline or threshold of influenza in China.

Objective: To isolate the cross-reactive antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza virus and identify its biological function. Methods: The antibodies gene reservoir of cross-reactive and H5N1 pseudotype particles neutralizing B cell circulating in peripheral blood of a human H5N1 case was recovered by in vitro B cell culture, screening, RT-PCR and expression vector cloning techniques. The Ab gene pairing was screened by transient transfection of human kidney 293T cells and detected using ELISA and neutralization test. The heterosubtypic antibodies were prepared and characterized. Results: We discovered the VH1-2-based heterosubtypic antibodies from two B cell lineages could neutralize GX-H5N1 pseudotype particles and have broader binding with Group 1 (including H1, H5, H6 and H9) and H7 subtype. Conclusions Cross-reactive antibodies can be induced by H5N1 infection.

Avian, swine and other zoonotic influenza viruses may cause disease with significant impact in both human and animal populations. The Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED), long recognizing the increased global impact of zoonotic diseases on human populations, has been used as the foundation for improving national preparedness and regional coordination for response to zoonotic diseases in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region.1 APSED encourages multisectoral coordination at the human–animal–environment interface as the primary action required for zoonotic disease control.2 In this article we emphasize the effectiveness of these multisectoral collaborations in responding to zoonotic diseases at the regional and country level, using avian influenza as an example.

Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. The epidemiological characteristics of the recently reported confirmed H7N9 cases were analysed. The results suggested that although more cases were reported recently, most cases in the fifth epidemic were still highly sporadically distributed without any epidemiology links; the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. Interventions included live poultry market closures in several cities that reported more H7N9 cases recently.

Objective: To develop the monoclonal antibody (mAb) against neuraminidase of H7N9 subtype influenza A virus and identify its biological function. Methods: Female 8 week-old BALB/c mice were immunized and the splenocytes of the mice were fused with Sp2/0 myeloma cells. Indirect ELISA was used to screen hybridoma and the positive clones were subject to be subcloned. Positive clones were identified and the monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) were obtained by purifying the ascetic fluid of mice injected with the hybridoma. The NA-binding as well as neuraminidase-inhibition activity of these mAbs were determined. Results: Three mAbs against neuraminidase of H7N9 subtype influenza A virus, 1G8, 3C4 and 4E8, were obtained. They demonstrated different epitop-recognizing. 3C4 and 4E8 exhibited neuraminidase inhibitory activity, with a IC₅₀ of 1.45 μg/ml and 8.65 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusions The results suggested that mAbs specific to neuraminidase of H7N9 subtype influenza A virus were developed, providing an useful tool in control and preventing the novel H7N9 influenza A virus.

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative analgesia nursing on the comfort degree of laparotomy patients in hepatobiliary surgery department.Methods A total of 86 laparotomy patients in our department were randomly divided into observation group and control group,receiving postoperative analgesia nursing and routine nursing,respectively.And postoperative analgesia and postoperative comfort were compared.Results The postoperative pain degree in the observation group was less than that in the control group,the incidence of incomplete analgesia was lower than that in the control group,pain call frequency in the operation day,1 day after operation,and 2 day after operation was lower than that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Comfort of physiological,psychological,social and cultural aspects in the observation group were higher than that in the control group,nursing satisfaction was higher than the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Postoperative analgesia nursing can significantly reduce degree of pain of laparotomy patients in hepatobiliary surgery department,and improve the postoperative comfort and nursing satisfaction.

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative analgesia nursing on the comfort degree of laparotomy patients in hepatobiliary surgery department.Methods A total of 86 laparotomy patients in our department were randomly divided into observation group and control group,receiving postoperative analgesia nursing and routine nursing,respectively.And postoperative analgesia and postoperative comfort were compared.Results The postoperative pain degree in the observation group was less than that in the control group,the incidence of incomplete analgesia was lower than that in the control group,pain call frequency in the operation day,1 day after operation,and 2 day after operation was lower than that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Comfort of physiological,psychological,social and cultural aspects in the observation group were higher than that in the control group,nursing satisfaction was higher than the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Postoperative analgesia nursing can significantly reduce degree of pain of laparotomy patients in hepatobiliary surgery department,and improve the postoperative comfort and nursing satisfaction.