Introduction: Mongolian traditional medicine classifies individuals according to innate constitutional types determined by the balance of Khi (wind), Shar (bile), and Badgan (phlegm). These constitutional categories are believed to influence both physiological and cognitive characteristics, including memory function. In contrast, contemporary cognitive psychology explains memory performance through mechanisms such as attention, information processing, and memory consolidation. Investigating the relationship between constitutional types and memory performance may provide an integrative framework that bridges traditional medical theory with modern cognitive science. Methods: A total of 244 undergraduate students voluntarily participated in the study. Constitutional types were identified using a questionnaire developed on the basis of the classical text The Four Medical Tantras. Memory performance was assessed in accordance with the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory and included measures of comprehension time, comprehension level, and long-term memory retention. Long-term memory retention was evaluated three days after the initial assessment and was expressed as a percentage of retained information.
The findings were interpreted descriptively at an observational level, as inferential statistical analyses were not conducted. Results: Students with a dominant Badgan constitution demonstrated relatively slower comprehension but more stable and higher long-term memory retention. Those with a dominant Shar constitution exhibited faster comprehension and higher immediate understanding, but comparatively lower long-term memory retention.
In contrast, students with a dominant Khi constitution showed greater variability and instability in both comprehension and long-term memory performance. Conclusion The findings suggest that constitutional types may be associated with distinct patterns of comprehension and long-term memory performance. The observed trends appear broadly consistent with theoretical descriptions in Mongolian traditional medicine; however, further studies employing larger sample sizes and rigorous statistical analyses are necessary to confirm and clarify these associations.

Background: Class III malocclusion is considered to be one of the most difficult and complex orthodontic problems to treat. For patients whose orthodontic problems are so severe that neither growth modification nor camouflage offers solution, surgery to realign the jaws or reposition dentoalveolar segments is the only possible treatment option left. Aim: The treatment objectives were to: (1) level and align the dental arches; (2) obtain an ideal overbite and overjet, to establish correct anterior guidance; and (3) improve the facial profile. Case: Patient is present with skeletal Class III malocclusion, concave facial profile, facial proportion 0.96:1:1.04, loss of occlusion due to early molar teeth loss, molar and canine relationship were Class III, overbite 0 mm, overjet -1 mm, midline shifted into the 6 mm left side. Results: Excellent facial and occlusal results were achieved with this surgical-orthodontic management, post-treatment results showed a Class I relationship and ideal overjet and overbite. The facial profile became straight type. Conclusion This case report describes the treatment of a female with dental and skeletal class III relationships. Surgical- orthodontic treatment was the best option for achieving an acceptable occlusion and a good esthetic result in this case. An experienced multidisciplinary team approach ensures a satisfactory outcome.

Background: In a study conducted in the United States, there is a possibility of negative health effects due to risky behavior. Most smokers (88%) started using tobacco before the age of 18years. In recent years, the use of e-cigarettes has increased in Mongolia, which can be seen by the fact that someone around us is using them. All tobacco products are addictive and involve risky behaviors. Risky behaviors are behaviors that pose a risk of harming one’s own or others’ health, causing morbidity or mortality. Therefore, there is no study on the level of smoking dependence and risky behavior among students, which is the basis of our study. Aim: The study is aimed to evaluate the risky behavior and cigarette smoking among students who are studying the school of university Material and Methods: The study was conducted by using a cross sectional design and a quantitative research method. All students of the School of Nursing, MNUMS were included. First to fourth course students of nursing school were included on a voluntary basis. Results: In the study, 87.8% of participants were female and 12.2% were male student. Furthermore, 50.2% of respondents are smokers. When the physical nicotine dependence test was taken from smoking students, moderate to high levels of dependence were identified, indicating there is behavioral risk. Risk behaviors are associated with factors such as safety, violence, bullying, feelings of sadness, use of tobacco and drugs, consumption of alcoholic beverages, changes in sexual orientation, and body weight. Conclusions 1. The students have limited scientific understanding and explanation regarding tobacco use. 2. Among the study participants, 5.4% had a very low level of dependence, 34% had a low level, 24.3% had a moderate level, 35.6% had a high level, and 0.54% had a very high level of dependence. 3. Risk behaviors related to health include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, marijuana use, bullying and violence, sexual activity, feelings of sadness or suicidal thoughts, screen dependence, and consumption of cola beverages.

Background: Vulnerable populations at risk of micronutrient deficiencies include children and women, especially pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants and young children. According to WHO guidelines, a population with a micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency of more than 20% is considered a public health problem.
Although Mongolia has made significant progress in improving the nutritional status of the population, especially children and women, the 2024 VI survey found that micronutrient deficiencies are high among pregnant women.
The MMS (Multi-ingredient Micronutrient Supplement) distributed to pregnant women by soum and household health centers contains all the essential vitamins and minerals for pregnant women, but coverage has remained inadequate for more than 10 years. Goal: To establish the prevalence of micronutrients deficiency in pregnant women Materials and Methods: Totally 2796 pregnant women included in cross-sectional study from urban and rural area. Survey procedures consisted of interview, anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and the collection of biological (blood and urine) samples for pregnant women. Micronutrient deficiencies were assessed by tests for hemoglobin, serum, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(ОН)D}, spot urine samples for determination of urinary iodine concentration. Statistical processing : The data from the survey questionnaires were entered into a database created in the “EpiData 3.1” software environment. The data created and verified in the EpiData software environment were converted to the “SPSS–25” program, and statistical analysis was also performed using the SPSS-25 program. The results table was prepared using Microsoft Word 2021 and Microsoft Excel 2021 programs. Research ethics: The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Review Committee under the Ministry of Health on 2023.03.27 (23/017), and permission to conduct the study was obtained Result : The prevalence of anemia, as measured by hemoglobin, was 22.3% and the iron deficiency anemia (IDA), as measured by adjusted serum ferritin or soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was (39.8%/9.0%). Prevalence of iron deficiency as measured by serum ferritin was also highest in Western 41.9% and lowest in Khangai region 40.2% (P<0.01). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women was high at 92.5%, and 7.5% of all pregnant women had adequate vitamin D status. The median concentration of 76.4µg/l indicates inadequate iodine status in pregnant women, as the desired range for adequate iodine nutrition in pregnancy 150-249 µg/l. Conclusions 1. 22.3 percent of pregnant women are anemic, and the prevalence of anemia has not decreased from 2017 levels and remains common.
2. The prevalence of iron deficiency (as measured by ferritin levels) was 39.8 μg/L and the soluble transferrin receptor level was 9.0 μg/L, which is higher than previous studies.
3. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women remains common, with 76.6% having severe or moderate deficiency, and 15.9% having mild deficiency.

Background: Breastfeeding is the ideal food source for all newborns globally. Proper feeding of infants and young children promotes optimal growth and development, especially in the critical window from birth to 2 years of age. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding for the first 2 years of life protects children from infection, provides an ideal source of nutrients, and is economical and safe. Objective: To assess the indicators of infant feeding practices among 0- 23 months old children. Materials and Methods: The NNS V was implemented in 21 aimags (provinces) in 4 economic regions (Central, Eastern, Khangai, Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given the regional differences in lifestyle and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on economic region and Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling design [1]. The infant and young child feeding indicators assessed in the NNS V were based on the mother’s or caretaker’s report of breastfeeding and consumption of foods and fluids by the child during the day or night prior to being interviewed. Results: 83.7% of children under 2 years started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth and though almost all children were ever breastfed (97.9%), a slightly higher percentage of girls were ever breastfed overall and within 1 hour of birth. Children 0-5 months were categorized according to whether they were exclusively breastfed or predominantly breastfed, with the former only allowing vitamins, mineral supplements, and medicine and the latter also including plain water and non-milk liquids. Among children 0-5 months of age, 58.3% were exclusively breastfed and 65.3% were predominantly breastfed, having received other liquids or foods in addition to breast milk. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was lowest in the 4th wealth index quintile (46.5%) and wealthiest quintile (54.0%) households. Conclusions Exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding practices are unacceptably low in Mongolia; 20% of newborns are not breastfed within 1 hour of birth and more than 40% of infants under 6 months of age are not exclusively breastfed and therefore, not receiving optimum nutritional and immunity benefits from breast milk. Strengthening IYCF counselling in all regions and wealth quintiles to support women to practice optimal breastfeeding, along with counselling and awareness of timely and adequate complementary feeding for children under 2 years of age, should be a top priority for public health and as it is a key strategy to reduce malnutrition in children.

Background: Weight at birth is a good indicator of the mother’s health and nutrition status during gestation and a child’s chances for survival, growth, long-term health, and psychosocial development. Low birth weight (defined as less than 2500 grams) poses a range of serious health risks for children. Objective: To assess the prevalence of low birth weights (LBW). Materials and Methods: The NNS V was implemented in 21 provinces (aimags) in 4 economic regions (Central, Eastern, Khangai, Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. A total of 2250 children aged 0-59 months. Given the regional differences in lifestyle and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on economic region and Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling design. For the selection of households in urban areas, the process involved first selecting 30 khoroos (clusters), then khesegs, and then households with a child 0-59 months of age. Ethical considerations : The survey methodology was discussed at the Scientific Committee of the Public Health Institute (recently named by National Center for Public Health) and granted the PHI Directors Order on 28th June, 2016. Ethics approval for conducting the NNS V, was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee under the Mongolian Ministry of Health. Results: Almost all (99.5%) children in the sample were weighed at birth with 5.0% weighing less than 2500 grams at birth and 12.6% weighing over 4000 grams at birth. The prevalence of low birth weight was slightly higher among girls than boys, however high birth weight was much more common in boys (15.9%) compared to girls (9.5%). Prevalence of low birth weight was highest in Western region (9.6%) and the poorest households (7.8%) while the prevalence of high birth weight was highest in Ulaanbaatar (13.8%) and wealthiest households1 (16.4%). High birth weight was more than double among children of overweight (17.5%) and obese (17.3%) mothers compared to children of normal weight (8.4%) or underweight (7.0%) mothers. Among singleton births, women <29 years of age had higher LBW rates than did those 30-39 years of age in both years, irrespective of birth order. LBW rate was more than double among mothers in kazak ethnic groups (13.8%). Conclusions The younger age of the mother was more likely to develop low birth weight, and it was twice as high among mothers in Kazak ethnic groups. Therefore, adolescents and women of reproductive age needed to improve the health education and to identify the causes and risk factors of low birth weight among mothers in Kazak ethnic groups.

Background : Overweight and obesity are conditions of over nutrition resulting from consumption of more calories than the body requires leading to excess body fat accumulation. The prevalence of both overweight and obesity is increasing globally in all age groups in high, middle, and low-income countries and is largely attributed to the “nutrition transition” with a shift from traditional diets to readily available and inexpensive, low-nutrient unhealthy foods high in energy [1].
The move away from traditional to “junk” foods often occurs at the same time as the move of populations away from daily physical activity and increase in sedentary activities such as time spent in front of a phone, computer, or television, furthering increasing the risk of becoming overweight. People who are overweight or obese are at higher risk for serious health problems including hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and osteoarthritis. The increase in overweight and obesity is accompanied by a dramatic increase in prevalence of above mentioned chronic conditions in the worldwide. While the long-term repercussions of overweight and obesity are severe, they are largely preventable and treatable through healthy diets and healthy lifestyle behaviors [2]. Materials and Methods: The fifth National nutrition survey (NNSV) was implemented in 21 provinces (aimags) in 4 socio-economic regions (Central, Eastern, Khangai, and Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given the regional differences in dietary patterns and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on 4 regions and Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling design. In total, 1750 school children data on demographic and dietary information collected by interview methods and anthropometric measurement results were used in this study. Ethical considerations: The survey protocol was discussed at the Scientific Committee of the Public Health Institute (recently named by National Center for Public Health) and granted by order of director of Scientific committee of PHI on 28th June, 2016. Ethical approval for conducting the NNS V was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee under the Ministry of Health of Mongolia on July 7, 2016. Participation in the survey was voluntary, oral and written informed consent were obtained from adult caregivers of each children. Results: Consumption of unhealthy or junk (high-calorie, low-nutrient) foods in the past week was nearly universal (99.0%) among school children 6-11 years of age. Over half of children (51.4%) consumed junk foods at least once per week and 45.7% consumed junk foods a few times a week. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was high with 80.9% of children consuming these at least once in the past week. Overall consumption of fried foods was lower than consumption of junk foods or sugar-sweetened beverages with 22.7% of children not consuming any fried foods in the past week and only 8.5% of children consuming fried foods a few times per week. Consumption of sweet foods was high with nearly all children having consumed sweet foods in the past week, 45.9% of children 6-11 years having consumed sweet foods a few times per week.
The prevalence of overweight (BMI > +1 SD) was 22.2% and prevalence of obesity (BMI > +2 SD) was 6.4%. Overweight prevalence was higher in boys (26.6%) compared to girls (17.8%) and in urban (23.9%) compared to rural (17.6%) areas with the highest prevalence in Ulaanbaatar (25.6%) compared to other regions. Children 6 years old (26.1%) and 7 years old (25.6%) had a higher prevalence of overweight than older children. Conclusion
1. Consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks is common to 6-11 year olds group, with almost all children (99.2%) consuming any type of unhealthy foods and drinks at least once per week, in particular, 8 out of 10 children were found consuming sugary drinks and/or deep fried food.
2. The consumption of unhealthy foods was not differing by child’s sex, there were revealed significant differences between living area and regions. Proportion of the school children 6-11 years of age was relatively higher in Ulaanbaatar city and urban settings.
3. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children aged 6-11years sharply increased from 2010 NNS IV level and reached 22.2% and 6.4%, respectively. Among children with obesity consumption of any unhealthy foods and sugary drinks were 1.4–1.9 times higher than nonobese children, respectively.

Background: Overweight and obesity are conditions of over nutrition resulting from consumption of more calories than the body requires leading to excess body fat accumulation. The prevalence of both overweight and obesity is increasing globally in all age groups in high, middle, and low-income countries and is largely attributed to the “nutrition transition” with a shift from traditional diets to readily available and inexpensive high-energy and low-nutrient foods [1].
The move away from traditional to “Junk” foods often occurs at the same time as the move of populations away from daily physical activity and increase in sedentary activities such as time spent in front of a phone, computer, or television, furthering increasing the risk of becoming overweight. People who are overweight or obese are at higher risk for serious health problems including hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, some cancers, and osteoarthritis. The increase in overweight and obesity is accompanied by a dramatic increase in prevalence of these chronic diseases at the global level. While the long-term repercussions of overweight and obesity are severe, they are largely preventable and treatable through healthy diets and healthy lifestyle behaviors [2]. Materials and Methods: The NNS V was implemented in 21 provinces (aimags) in 4 economic regions (Central, Eastern, Khangai, and Western) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Given the regional differences in lifestyle and nutrition status, target populations were stratified into 5 strata based on economic region and Ulaanbaatar with equal samples drawn from each stratum using a cluster-randomized sampling design [3]. Total participated 1944 mothers’ years of age who had a child aged 0-59 months. Ethical considerations : The survey methodology was discussed at the Scientific Committee of the Public Health Institute (recently named by National Center for Public Health) and granted the PHI Directors Order on 28th June, 2016. Ethics approval for conducting the NNS V, including obtaining biological (blood and urine) samples, was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee under Ministry of Health, Mongolia on 7th July, 2016 with granted approval to conduct the survey and send blood serum samples to the VitMin laboratory in Germany. Participation in the survey was voluntary and oral and written informed consent was obtained from all individuals selected for the survey. Participant confidentiality was maintained during data collection, data entry, data analysis, and in the dissemination of survey findings. Results: Nearly half of mothers (46.2%) were overweight with 16.5% of mothers obese and 4.1% underweight. The prevalence of overweight in mothers was highest in rural areas (50.1%), married status (49.3%), and lowest in Ulaanbaatar (42.3%) compared to other regions (48.6% to 52.6%). The overall prevalence of anaemia among mothers was 16.2% with highest prevalence amongst Kazakh (31.9%) and other ethnic minority mothers (25.1%), mothers with secondary education (20.3%) and unemployed mothers (19.9%). Minimum dietary diversity is a proxy indicator for the nutrient content of a diet based on consumption of at least 5 of 10 food groups.¹ People who consume food items from at least 5 food groups are likely to consume at least 1 animal-source food and items from 2 or more of the fruit and vegetable food groups. In the NNS V, 70.2% of mothers met the minimum dietary diversity requirement with a higher prevalence in urban areas (74.8%) and Ulaanbaatar (77.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in mothers of reproductive age is 46.2%, with the highest percentage of mothers with overweight and obesity being in rural areas (50.1%), which is 5.8 percentage points higher than that of urban mothers. 16.2% of mothers are anemic. Prevalence of Minimum dietary diversity among mothers is 70.2%. Food consumption is inadequate in mothers with the primary and secondary education, and in mothers in rural areas, and in poorest mothers or in mothers with the second and third wealth index. ¹FAO and FHI 360. 2016. Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women: A Guide for Measurement. Rome: FAO.

Association between diagonal earlobe crease (DELC), also known as Frank’s sign and CAD was first found by Sanders T. Frank in 1973. Since its first description, others have shown it to be associated with the presence, as well as the extent and severity of CAD, independent of traditional CAD risk factors, such as serum lipids, diabetes mellitus, and smoking status.DELC is also associated with higher risk of major adverse cardiac events in patients with known CAD.Recent studies have suggested that DELC may also be a marker of generalized atherosclerotic disease. This study evaluates the association between the presence of diagonal earlobe creases (DELC) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Four hundred people (246 men and 154 women, aged 28 to 92 years) were examined for the presence of DELC.400 people participated. In case group 200 people(142 men and 58 women, aged 30-87) who were getting treatment at State’s central 3rd hospital participated. In control group 200 people(104 men and 96 women, aged 28-92 who were getting treatment at State’s central 3rd hospital, National Traumatology Center included.We did statistic processing with MS Excel 2013, SPSS 20.0 DELC was present in 164 patients (82%) and absent in 36 patients (18%) of 200 participants documented with CAD (presence of > or = 50% coronary diameter stenosis at angiography). DELC was present in 42 people (21%) and absent in 158 people (79%) of 200 people documented without CAD. 82% of individuals with CAD had DELC. There was significant association between diagonal earlobe crease (DELC) and coronary artery disease (CAD), (p=0.039).

BACKGROUND: Chronic viral hepatitis is the most important public health problems and main cause of liver fibrosis. Progressive hepatic fibrosis will gradually lead to liver cirrhosis, hepato-cellular carcinoma and liver failure and deaths. Study of liver fibrosis is becomes an essential issue of prevention, prognosis and radical treatment plan. The evaluation of liver fibrosis using ultrasound based-electrographic shear wave elastography (SWE) with elastography point quantification (ElastPQ) is a modern non-invasive method. This study is aimed to evaluate diagnostic value of SWE with ElastPQ feature of liver fibrosis. MATERIAL: A total of 110 patients with chronic viral (B, C and D) infection and 50 healthy controls were involved. Quantitative evaluation of LS was performed by Philips iU 22 ultrasound system with ElastPQ using convex transducer C5-1. RESULTS: In HBV patients: no fibrosis F0 score 7, mean liver stiffness was 3.1±0.28 kPa, mild liver fibrosis F1 score 26, mean LS was 4.9±0.90 kPa, F2 score 4, mean LS was 8.0±0.56 kPa, F3 score 3, mean LS was 11.0±0.83 kPa, and F4 score or liver cirrhosis 2, mean LS was 17±4.3 kPa, respectively. In patients HCV; F0 score -5, mean LS was 3.2±0,08 kPa, F1-36, mean LS was 5.0±0.94 kPa, F2 score-10, mean LS was 8.1±0.90 kPa, F3-10, mean LS was 10.9±1.03kPa, and F4 score 5, mean LS 15.9±2.8kPa, respectively. In patients with HBV, HDV; F0 score-1, liver stiffness was 3.2kPa, F1-13, mean LS was 4.9±0.72 kPa, F2 score 2, mean LS was 8.0±0.56kPa, F3 score, LS was 10.8kPa, F4 score 1, LS was 20.1kPa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Shear wave elastography with elastography point quantification technique is a reliable that can to detect of the earlier fibrosis stage in chronic viral hepatitis patients. ElastPQ SWE method is an optimal to monitor liver tissue stiffness in patients with chronic liver diseases.