Background: Health insurance systems are a core component of social protection, aimed at safeguarding populations from financial risks, ensuring equitable access to health care services, and ultimately achieving universal health coverage. In recent years, Mongolia’s health insurance system has faced significant policy-level challenges related to efficiency, accessibility, and financial sustainability. Therefore, there is a growing need to conduct comparative analyses of internationally successful health insurance models. Aim: To comparatively examine Mongolia’s health insurance system in relation to the health insurance systems of selected countries. Materials and Methods: A comparative document review methodology was employed to analyze the health insurance and health financing systems of Canada, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Kyrgyzstan. The analysis was based on policy documents, legal and regulatory frameworks, reports from international organizations, and relevant statistical data. Result: In countries such as Canada, Germany, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, health expenditure as a share of GDP exceeds the global average, while out-of-pocket payments by households remain relatively low. In contrast, Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan exhibit high levels of out-of-pocket expenditure, weaker financial protection, and comparatively lower performance indicators of the health system. Conclusion The findings suggest that increasing health expenditure as a share of GDP toward the global average, improving the management of health insurance funds, and reducing out-of-pocket payments by households are important considerations for enhancing the performance of Mongolia’s health system.

Background: Erysipelas is an acute, recurrent infectious disease caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus. Recurrence occurs in 12–29% of patients, and complications in approximately 31%. International studies indicate that age, sex, and skin conditions are key factors influencing complications and recurrence. In Mongolia, the incidence of erysipelas has not steadily declined, and there is a lack of studies investigating clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence. Aim:: This study aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence among erysipelas cases registered in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 165 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of erysipelas at the National Center for Communicable Diseases between 2020 and 2024 were randomly selected. Data were collected based on the “Clinical Guidelines for Erysipelas.” Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-26, and ROC curve analysis along with regression models were used to determine risk and predictive factors. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.4±14.2 years; 76.5% were female, and 32.1% were herders. Recurrence was observed in 55.1% of patients (42.8% repeated episodes, 57.2% recurrent cases), and complications occurred in 10.3%. Among patients with complications, lesions were most commonly located on the face (41.2%) and predominantly presented as erythematous-bullous forms (70.6%). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 7.1 (AUC: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.91, p=0.001), and the systemic inflammatory response index was 3.9 (AUC: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.98, p=0.001), indicating high levels. Multivariable regression analysis showed that risk factors for complications included age >45 years (aOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.7, p=0.004), female sex (aOR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6, p=0.001), and occupation (herder) (aOR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.3–5.4, p=0.001). Chronic tonsillitis was significantly associated with recurrence (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.5–5.7, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that each additional year of age increased the risk of complications by 2% (HR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03, p=0.003), while the presence of chronic tonsillitis increased the risk of recurrence by 7.69 times (HR=7.69, 95% CI: 5.15–11.49, p=0.001). Conclusion Cellular ratio indicators in erysipelas are useful for assessing inflammatory activity and disease progression. Age, sex, occupation, and the presence of chronic tonsillitis significantly influence the risk of complications and recurrence in erysipelas.

Background: The craniofacial region is one of the most frequently injured parts of the human body, with mandibular fractures being the most common type of facial skeletal injury. The leading causes of mandibular fractures include traffic accidents, falls, interpersonal violence, and sports-related injuries. In Mongolia, mandibular fractures are prevalent, with a higher incidence among males. However, to date, no national-level analysis of mandibular fractures has been conducted. This study aims to comprehensively examine mandibular fractures in Mongolia by identifying demographic factors and causes of injury. Aim: To determine the incidence and causes of mandibular fractures recorded in Mongolia over the past ten years. Materials and Methods: This study collected data on mandibular fractures recorded in the Health Development Center of Mongolia between 2014 and 2023. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code S02.6. Information on patient age, gender, and hospital diagnosis was collected, along with the cause of injury, classified according to ICD-10 codes. Patient age was categorized based on the classification system of the National Statistics Office. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.00 software, employing the chi-square test for data analysis. Results: During the study period, a total of 2,872 patients were diagnosed with mandibular fractures, with the highest incidence occurring in the 20-40 age group. The average patient age was 31.1±12 years. Males were 5.6 times more likely to sustain mandibular fractures compared to females. The primary causes of injury were interpersonal violence (42%), mechanical trauma (17%), falls (16%), and traffic accidents (15%). Conclusion Between 2014 and 2023, 2,872 cases of mandibular fractures were recorded in Mongolia, with the majority occurring in individuals aged 20-40 years. The leading causes of mandibular fractures were interpersonal violence, mechanical trauma, falls, and traffic accidents. Specialized trauma care services were accessed differently in urban and rural areas.

Purpose: Researchers suggest that the prevalence of infertility varies between developing and developed countries, with differences in infertility care, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and reproductive disorders such as pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections being the main risk factors. The research project aims is to define risk factors for female fertility in the Mongolian population. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016-2018 using a cross-sectional survey of analytical research. Participants were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar and the Central, Western, Eastern, and Khangai provinces according to Mongolia’s regional geographic model. The contents of a questionnaire were comprised of 5 units with 95 questions including socio-economic, geographical, lifestyle, health education, reproductive health indicators, sexual behavior. General physical characteristics were measured according to the standard. Results: The prevalence of the female fertility rate in the Mongolian population is 7.4%. Female participants were classified into 2 groups, namely infertile and fertile, and we developed a case-control study. Among the socio-economic factors influencing infertility, primary education aOR: 1.6 (95% CI 0.98-2.66), monthly household income lower than the average aOR: 1.1 (95% CI 0.77- 1.66), living in rural areas OR: 2.3 ( 95% CI 1.46-3.68) were crucial risk factors. As for reproductive and general health indicators, STIs aOR: 1.8 (95% CI 0.98-3.50), especially gonorrhea OR: 2.8 (95% CI 1.14-6.91), and thyroid disorders OR: 1.7 (95% CI 1.03). -2.97), grade 3 obesity OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.05-13.95) are estimated risk factors for infertility. Conclusions Of all potential socio-economic factors, residence status, education and financial situation are significant for female infertility meanwhile reproductive health indicators include sexually transmitted infections, thyroid disease, and obesity.

BackgroundThe preparations of multi-component have been the subject of chemical study for a long time. Therefore, when compounding the preparations of multi-component in traditional medicine, their taste is cautiously relied on, as the power of the one medicine should not be subdued with the power of another. Additionally the properties of the components and their regulating effects on the body systems are also considered. Our research group has been carrying out tests for raw materials,which are contained in multi-component preparations. However, it is a necessity to conduct phytochemical study on multi-component preparations in order to isolate pure biological active compounds and to identify their structure as well as to quantify its amount by modern techniques of analysis.GoalThe aim of the present study was to isolate pure biological active substances from Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 and to elucidate their structures, which was used in Mongolian traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation and as a pain relieving remedy.Objectives:1. To isolate pure substances from Garidi-5 and carry out tests to identify and determine their structure2. To quantify the amount of biological active substances.Materials and MethodsMongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 has been selected as a biological natural product for the study. Garidi-5 is a traditional Mongolian medicine consisting of 5 medicinal herbs, namely Terminalia chebula Retz., Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk of Moschus moschiferus and manufactured in the Drug factory of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia. In this research, in order to determine the total content of phenolic compound was used the Folin–Ciocalteu method, which based on performing dark blue color complex compound. Isolated substance identification was determined by the TLC, UV and IR spectrophotometric methods. Inaddition it was checked melting point of the isolated substance. Determination of Gallic acid30g Garidi-5 was macerated in 60ml 80% methanol at room temperature for 24 h. After extraction, the extract was concentrated and vacuum evaporated. Different solvents from hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were used for theexperiment. All the extracts collected, evaporated and chromatographed on Silica gel column. Future purification of active fractions on Silica gel with methanol yielded the compound G1 which was further characterized as Gallic acid. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin–Ciocalteu’s method with slight modification. Gallic acid was used as a standard phenolic compound. Briefly, 1 ml of extract solution contains 1 mg extracts, in a volumetric flask diluted with distilled water (46 ml). One ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added and the content of the flask mixed thoroughly. After 3 min, 3 ml of Na2CO3 (2%) was added and then the mixture was allowed to stand for 2 h with intermittent shaking. The absorbance was measured at 760 nm in a spectrophotometer. All measurements were performed in triplicate.ResultsIn this research, TLC method on silica gel plates was used in order to identify the biological active pure substances from Garidi-5. Preliminary TLC experiments indicated the presence of Gallic acid in Garidi-5, which was isolated by column chromatography by comparing with reference standard substance (Gallic acid). Gallic acid was determined in the solvent system benzole-ethyl acetateformic acid- acetone (5:5:2:0.5) in isolated substance (G1). It showed blue color, Rf =0.65, on TLC plate. [1] For the characterization of two samples it was carried out IR analysis for each. In the IR spectra of G1 and standard substance can be recognized by the following absorption frequency regions: 700-900 cm-1 for Car-H; 1000-1300 cm-1 for vibration of bonds in various oxygen containing groups, 1350-1470 cm-1 for vibrations of –CH, -CH2 and –CH3 groups; 1500-1630 cm-1 for skeletal vibrations of aromatic rings, >C=O bonds; 2800-2950 cm-1 for stretching vibrations of –CH, -CH2 and -CH3 groups in saturated aliphatic structures; and 3030-3350 cm-1 for stretching associated vibrations of -OH groups in aromatic rings and aliphatic structures. As a result it was revealed that both IR spectra of G1 and standard substances were similar. [3]Further for the characterization of two samples it was carried out UV analysis of each. In the UV spectra of G1 and standard substance can be recognized by the following absorption frequency regions: 260-280nm for benzole groups; 200-225nm for carbonic acids; 400-770nm >C=O bonds, which reveal the presence of Gallic acid. In addition, melting point of isolated substance G1 was analyzed and detected at 2410C, which was similar to the standard substance’s melting point. [4]Moreover, Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 contains 24% of the biological active substance (total phenolic compounds). [2]Conclusions:As a result of current study on Mongolian medicine Garidi-5, it was isolated one essential substance from ethyl acetate fraction. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of Gallic acid in Garidi- 5, which was determined by thin layer chromatography, UV and IR spectrophotometric methods. Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 contains 24% of the biological active substance. Thus, the isolation of Gallic acid from multi-component preparations and identification of its structure was first phytochemical study conducted in our laboratory.