Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of progressive diseases characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling,and some patients already have right heart insufficiency at the time of diagnosis. Therefore,early diagnosis of PH is essential to improve patients' quality of life and prolong survival. Biomarkers are an important indicator for early diagnosis of the disease,and there are many traditional biomarkers for PH diagnosis,but the sensitivity and specificity are low. With the progress of research,some new biomarkers have been shown to predict disease progression in early PH and play an important role in the early diagnosis of PH. This study reviews the research progress of biomarkers of PH from the aspects of right heart insufficiency,endothelial dysfunction,pulmonary artery smooth muscle dysfunction,inflammation,and in situ thrombosis to provide exploration direction and reference value for early diagnosis of PH.

Pulmonary hypertension(PH)is a fatal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling,ultimately leading to right heart failure and death.Current treatments for PH are suboptimal,with no substantial improvement in overall survival among patients with advanced PH.Despite some progress in understanding the pathogenesis of PH,further studies at the molecular level are needed to develop more effective treatments for PH.Recent research has shown that long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have an important regulatory function in the pathophysiological process of PH,and may thus be potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.In this paper,we review recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in PH.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy of arthroscopic release of the lateral patellofemoral retinaculum (LPR) combined with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) compression for the treatment of moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis.Methods:A prospective study method was used to select 101 patients with moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis who were admitted to the Jinzhou Medical University Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. They were randomly divided into group A (50 cases, LPR release surgery under knee arthroscopy) and group B (51 cases, LPR release surgery combined with MPFL compression surgery under knee arthroscopy). Perioperative indexes, pain degree of patellofemoral joint, patellofemoral trajectory correction, knee joint function and patellofemoral joint function were compared between the two groups before and 6 months after surgery.Results:During the study period, both group A and group B were excluded or separated, and ultimately 47 and 49 patients were enrolled in group A and group B, respectively. The operation time of group B was longer than that of group A: (35.27 ± 3.09) min vs. (25.64 ± 2.66) min, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Six months after surgery, both groups experienced a reduction in pain, with group B being milder than group A: no pain 75.51% (37/49) vs. 44.68% (21/47), mild pain 24.49% (12/49) vs. 38.30% (18/47), moderate pain 0 vs. 14.89% (7/47), and severe pain 0 vs. 2.13% (1/47). The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Six months after surgery, the patellofemoral adaptation angle, patellofemoral tilt angle, and patellofemoral lateral displacement distance in both groups decreased, and group B was smaller than group A: (8.02 ± 1.62)° vs. (10.35 ± 1.54)°, (8.71 ± 1.08)° vs. (10.85 ± 0.75)°, 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) mm vs. 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) mm, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Both groups showed an increase in Lysholm knee score scale and patellar Kujala score, with group B being higher than group A: (89.92 ± 4.02) points vs. (84.21 ± 5.65) points and (89.18 ± 2.57) points vs. (87.40 ± 3.38) points, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Arthroscopic release of LPR combined with MPFL compression surgery is more effective in treating moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis than arthroscopic release of LPR. It can improve the correction of patellofemoral trajectory, reduce pain, and facilitate the recovery of knee and patellar joint function.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of progressive diseases characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling,and some patients already have right heart insufficiency at the time of diagnosis. Therefore,early diagnosis of PH is essential to improve patients' quality of life and prolong survival. Biomarkers are an important indicator for early diagnosis of the disease,and there are many traditional biomarkers for PH diagnosis,but the sensitivity and specificity are low. With the progress of research,some new biomarkers have been shown to predict disease progression in early PH and play an important role in the early diagnosis of PH. This study reviews the research progress of biomarkers of PH from the aspects of right heart insufficiency,endothelial dysfunction,pulmonary artery smooth muscle dysfunction,inflammation,and in situ thrombosis to provide exploration direction and reference value for early diagnosis of PH.

Pulmonary hypertension(PH)is a fatal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling,ultimately leading to right heart failure and death.Current treatments for PH are suboptimal,with no substantial improvement in overall survival among patients with advanced PH.Despite some progress in understanding the pathogenesis of PH,further studies at the molecular level are needed to develop more effective treatments for PH.Recent research has shown that long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have an important regulatory function in the pathophysiological process of PH,and may thus be potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.In this paper,we review recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in PH.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy of arthroscopic release of the lateral patellofemoral retinaculum (LPR) combined with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) compression for the treatment of moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis.Methods:A prospective study method was used to select 101 patients with moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis who were admitted to the Jinzhou Medical University Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. They were randomly divided into group A (50 cases, LPR release surgery under knee arthroscopy) and group B (51 cases, LPR release surgery combined with MPFL compression surgery under knee arthroscopy). Perioperative indexes, pain degree of patellofemoral joint, patellofemoral trajectory correction, knee joint function and patellofemoral joint function were compared between the two groups before and 6 months after surgery.Results:During the study period, both group A and group B were excluded or separated, and ultimately 47 and 49 patients were enrolled in group A and group B, respectively. The operation time of group B was longer than that of group A: (35.27 ± 3.09) min vs. (25.64 ± 2.66) min, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Six months after surgery, both groups experienced a reduction in pain, with group B being milder than group A: no pain 75.51% (37/49) vs. 44.68% (21/47), mild pain 24.49% (12/49) vs. 38.30% (18/47), moderate pain 0 vs. 14.89% (7/47), and severe pain 0 vs. 2.13% (1/47). The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Six months after surgery, the patellofemoral adaptation angle, patellofemoral tilt angle, and patellofemoral lateral displacement distance in both groups decreased, and group B was smaller than group A: (8.02 ± 1.62)° vs. (10.35 ± 1.54)°, (8.71 ± 1.08)° vs. (10.85 ± 0.75)°, 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) mm vs. 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) mm, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Both groups showed an increase in Lysholm knee score scale and patellar Kujala score, with group B being higher than group A: (89.92 ± 4.02) points vs. (84.21 ± 5.65) points and (89.18 ± 2.57) points vs. (87.40 ± 3.38) points, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Arthroscopic release of LPR combined with MPFL compression surgery is more effective in treating moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis than arthroscopic release of LPR. It can improve the correction of patellofemoral trajectory, reduce pain, and facilitate the recovery of knee and patellar joint function.

Pulmonary hypertension(PH)is a progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling.Current treatments for PH remain suboptimal,and there is an urgent need to better decipher the underlying pathomechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets.MicroRNA(miRNA)are key components in the post-transcriptional machinery that mediates cellular functions and mainly act by regulating the expression of downstream target genes.Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNA and their regulators in PH development.However,there is no unified model for the mechanism of miRNA's regulation of pulmonary vascular remodeling.Therefore,this article provides a review on the mechanisms of miRNA in PH characterized in recent years.